Types of error in hypothesis

A hypothesis is a testable statement about the relationship between two or more variables and errors reveal about the rejection and acceptance of the statement.
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1. Presentation on Types of errors Submitted to – Submitted by- Dr. Asheesh Sah Sir Shaifali Pandey MBA2nd sem

2. H ypothesis A   research hypothesis  (H 1 ) is the statement created by researchers when they speculate upon the outcome of a research or experiment . (   Lyndsay T Wilson ) The hypothesis is generated via a number of means, but is usually the result of a process of  inductive reasoning  where observations lead to the formation of a theory.

3. Scientists then use a large battery of deductive methods to arrive at a hypothesis that is testable,  falsifiable  and realistic.

4. Features Power of prediction Clarity Simplicity Testibility Relevant to problems Specific Fruitful for new discoveries Consistancy and harmony. Closest to observable things .

5. Types of error Type-I error :- A Type I error (sometimes called a Type  1  error), is the  incorrect rejection of a true null hypothesis . The alpha symbol, α, is usually used to denote a Type I error . An α of 0.05 indicates that you are willing to accept a 5% chance that you are wrong when you reject the null hypothesis. To lower this risk, you must use a lower value for α. However, using a lower value for alpha means that you will be less likely to detect a true difference if one really exists.

6. Examples Let’s say that our null hypothesis is that there is “no wolf present.”  A type I error (or false positive) would be “crying wolf” when there is no wolf present.  That is, the actual condition  was that there was no wolf present; however, the shepherd wrongly indicated there was a wolf present by calling “Wolf! Wolf!”  This is a type I error or false positive error.

7. Building inspection An inspector has to choose between certifying a building as safe or saying that the building is not safe. There are two hypotheses: Building is safe or not safe. H0 : Building is not safe Ha  : Building is safe

8. Type II error A Type II error (sometimes called a Type 2 error) is the failure to reject a false  null hypothesis . The probability of a type II error is denoted by the beta symbol β. A type II error is a statistical term used within the context of hypothesis testing that describes the error that occurs when one accepts a null hypothesis that is actually false. The error rejects the alternative hypothesis, even though it does not occur due to chance. A type II error fails to reject, or accepts, the null hypothesis, although the alternative hypothesis is the true state of nature.

9. Example Hypothesis:  "Adding  fluoride  to toothpaste protects against cavities." Null hypothesis (H ):  "Adding fluoride to toothpaste has no effect on cavities." This null hypothesis is tested against experimental data with a view to nullifying it with evidence to the contrary. A type II error occurs when failing to detect an effect (adding fluoride to toothpaste protects against cavities) that is present. The null hypothesis is false (i.e., adding fluoride is actually effective against cavities), but the experimental data is such that the null hypothesis cannot be rejected.

10. Hypothesis statement example

11. Thank you