Types_of_Folds_and_Faults In Geology pdf

Geology

1. Types of Folds and Faults
Paper-GGRM 101T4(Geomorphology)
Dr. NavamallikaSharma
Assistant Professor
Department of Geography
N. N. SaikiaCollege, Titabar

2. Forces responsible for landform
development
Forces which affect the earths crust
Endogeneticforces Exogeneticforces

3. Endogenetic
Forces
Diastrophic
Forces
Epeirogenetic
forces
Orogenetic
forces
Sudden
Forces
Volcanic
Eruption
Earthquake

4. Diastrophic
Forces
Orogenetic
forces
Tensional
forces
Crustal
Fracture
Cracking
Faulting
(Faults)
Compressional
forces
Crustal
bending
Warping
Upwarping Downwarping
Folding
(Folds)
Epeirogenetic
forces
Upward
movement
(Emergence)
Downward
Movement
(Submergence)

5. What is fold?
Wave-likebendsformedinthecrustal
rocksduetotangentialcompressiveforce
resultingfromhorizontalmovementcaused
bytheendogeneticforceoriginatingdeep
withintheeartharecalledfolds.

6. Different components of fold
Theupfoldedrockstratainarch-likeformare
calledanticlines.

7. Differentcomponentsof fold
Thedownfoldedstructureformingtrough-like
featureiscalledsynclines.

8. Different components of fold
Thetwosidesofafoldarecalledlimbsofthe
fold.

9. Different components of fold
•Theplanewhich
bisectstheangle
betweentwolimbsof
theanticlineormiddle
limbofthesynclineis
calledtheaxisoffold
oraxialplane.
•Onthebasisof
anticlineandsyncline
theseaxialplanesare
calledasaxisof
anticlineandaxisof
syncline

10. Dip and Strike
The inclination of rock beds with respect to
horizontal plane is termed as dip.
Dip is important as it gives the following
information:
The direction of maximum slope down a bedding
plane
The angle between the maximum slope and the
horizontal plane

11. Dip and Strike
•The strike of an inclined bed is the direction of
any horizontal line along a bedding plane.
•The direction of dip is always at right angle to
the strike.

12. Types of fold
Symmetrical fold

13. Types of fold
Asymmetrical fold

14. Types of fold
Monoclinalfold

15. Types of fold
IsoclinalFold

16. Types of fold
Recumbent Fold

17. Types of fold
Overturned Fold

18. Types of fold
Plunge Fold

19. Types of fold
Fan Fold

20. Types of fold
Open Fold

21. Types of fold
Closed Fold

22. What is Fault
Whenthecrustalrocksaredisplacedduetotensional
movementcausedbytheendogeneticforces,alongaplane
theresultantstructureiscalledafault.

23. Different parts of Fault
•The plane along which the rock blocks are displaced is
called fault plane.
•The angle between the fault plane and horizontal plane
is termed as fault dip.
•Uppermost block of a fault is called upthrownside
•Lowermost block of a fault is called downthrown side.
•Upper wall of a fault is known as hanging wall.
•Foot wall represents the lower wall of a fault.
•The steep wall-like slope caused by faulting of the
crustal rocks is called as fault scarp.

24. Different parts of Fault

25. Types of Faults:
Normal Faults are formed due to the
displacement of both the rock blocks in
opposite directions due to fracture upon
greatest stress.

26. Types of Faults:
ReverseFaultsareformedduetothe
movementofboththefracturedrockblocks
towardseachother.

27. Types of Faults:
Strike-slipFaultsareformedwhentherock
blocksaredisplacedhorizontallyalongthe
faultplaneduetohorizontalmovement.

28. Types of Faults:
Step Faults are a series of faults occur in any
area in such a way that the slops of all the
fault planes of all the faults are in the same
direction.

29. Thank you