TYPES OF PEST CONTROL AND METHODS OF PEST CONTROL.pptx

TYPES OF PEST CONTROL AND METHODS OF PEST CONTROL.

1. PEST AND WEED CONTROL & DISEASE MANAGEMENT OF MEDICINAL AND AROMATIC PLANTS SRAVANI S 090605013

2. WHAT IS MEANT B Y PEST? Pest is an undesirable animal or plant species TYPES OF PEST CONTROL   The different types of pests infesting the medicinal plants are Fungi and virus Insects Weeds Non insect pests

3. FUNGI Ascochyta atropae Cercospora atropae Phytophthora nicotianae

4. VIRUSES Tobacco mosaic virus Cucumber mosaic virus Tobacco ring spot virus Yellow vein mosaic, Graft transmissible virus Distortion mosaic virus

5. INSECTS “ Total number of insect species>Total number of all other forms of life put together” Biting and chewing Piercing and sucking Examples: Agrotis species Heliothis armigera

6. WEEDS A weed is undesirable plant. Weed leads to loss of nutrients, water, light and space. Increase in cost of labour and equipment Low product quality Enhanced chances for attacks of bacteria,fungi and insects A weed is undesirable plant. Rag weed Medican tea Yellow dock Parthenium

7. METHODS OF PEST CONTROL MECHANICAL METHOD AGRICULTURAL METHOD BIOLOGICAL CONTROL ENVIRONMENTAL METHOD CHEMICAL METHOD

8. MECHANICAL METHOD The simple techniques used are: Hand picking Pruning or cutting Burning Trapping A proper approach is made for collection and destruction of eggs , larvae, pupae and adults of insects

9. AGRICULTURAL METHOD The techniques are: Hybridization Tissue culture Transgenic plants Other aspects of Agricultural control are:   Ploughing Crop rotation Changes in environment

10. BIOLOGICAL CONTROL   This method is practiced by combating the pests, mostly the insects with other organism, the parasitic form. If the method is properly designed it may emerge as an effective, safe, economical method of pest control. The chemical substances produced and released by some female insects, are capable of eliciting a sexual response from the opposite sex, which could be properly exploited for the biological control of pests. Such substances are called as SEX PHEROMONES E.g., 7, 8-epoxy-2-methyloctadecane from gypsy-moth

11. ENVIRONMENTAL METHOD Environmental condition surrounding the pest is changed either by removing its food supply or by interfering the completion of its life cycle. e.g., mosquito larvae in water are killed by spreading a layer of oil.

12. CHEMICAL METHOD   The chemical control is done by with the help of PESTICIDES. Pesticides are chemicals derived from synthetic and natural sources effective in small concentration against pest Various forms of preparation of pesticides used: Spray or wettable powders Powders Granulates Self-emulsifying concentrates Solution in mineral oil fractions Fumigants

13. PESTICIDE These are the chemicals derived from synthetic and natural sources effective in small concentrations against the pest Ideal requirements for pesticides It should be non-toxic and non-injurious to medicinal plants and human being. It should be highly toxic to insect It should be effective in small concentrations Stable under ordinary conditions of storage,non -inflammable, non-corrosive and free from obnoxious odours It should be non-cumulative in the soil and possess stability on treated surface. Cheap and easily available.

14. MODE OF ACTION OF PESTICIDES ON ANIMALS CHEMICAL COMPOUND BIOLOGICAL EFFECT EFFECT ON ANIMALS Organophosphorous compounds and carbamates Chlorinated hydrocarbons and pyrethroids Nicotinoids EFFECT ON PLANTS Carbamates , substituted ureas , triazines Carbamates 2,4-D; 2,4,5-T Metals, sulphur 3-amino-1,2,4 triazole Chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons Inhibition of Ach esterases Neurotoxication Inhibition of neuromuscular junction   Inhibition of photosynthesis  Inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation Hamone analogue Unknown cause Inhibition of chlorophyll synthesis Inhibition of pentothenate synthesis CHEMICAL COMPOUND BIOLOGICAL EFFECT EFFECT ON ANIMALS Organophosphorous compounds and carbamates Chlorinated hydrocarbons and pyrethroids Nicotinoids Inhibition of Ach esterases   Neurotoxication Inhibition of neuromuscular junction  

15. MODE OF ACTION OF PESTICIDES ON PLANTS CHEMICAL COMPOUND BIOLOGICAL EFFECT EFFECT ON PLANTS Carbamates , substituted ureas , triazines Carbamates   2,4-D; 2,4,5-T Metals, sulphur 3-amino-1,2,4 triazole Chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons Inhibition of photosynthesis   Inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation Harmone analogue Unknown cause Inhibition of chlorophyll synthesis Inhibition of pentothenate synthesis

16. DIFFERENT CLASSES OF PESTICIDES BASED ON THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION : CHLORINATED HYDROCARBONS AND RELATED PESTICIDES CHLORINATED PHENOXYALKANOIC ACID HERBICIDES ORGANOPHOSPHOROUS PESTICIDES CARBONATE INSECTICIDES INORGANIC PESTICIDES DITHIOCARBAMATE FUNGICIDES

17. CLASSIFICATION OF PESTICIDES FUNGICIDES HERBICIDES INSECTICIDES ACARICIDES RODENTICIDES NEMATOCIDES

18. FUNGICIDES TYPES: DISINFECTANTS FOR SEEDS Eg., Dithiocarbamates,organophosphorous compounds,pyridine compounds DISINFECTANTS FOR SOIL LEAF FUNGICIDES Eg., Copper oxychlorides,Bordeaux mixture,Barium sulphate

19. HERBICIDES They are the weed killers, which are used for destroying the unwanted plants or to prevent their growth Types: Selective herbicides- 2,4-D Non-selective herbicides- potassium cyanide Contact herbicides- sulphuric acid Translocated herbicides- picloram

20. INSECTICIDES OVICIDES LARVICIDES STOMACH POISONS CONTACT POISONS Classified by the mode of action: General cell toxins Enzyme toxins Nerve toxins

21. ACARICIDES They are substances that are used to control the infestation caused by the mites, especially spider mites. These insects acquire resistance to the chemicals because of their rapid multiplication and therefore new acaricides have to be developed Examples: Phosphoric and thiophosphoric acid esters Carbamidic esters Chlorinated aromatics

22.   NEMATOCIDES For the control of the phyto -pathogenic thread worms i.e.,nematodes living free in the soil and also occuring in the plants the agents required are Nematocides . Halogenated hydrocarbons Carbamidic and thiocarbamidic acid derivatives Thio -phosphoric acid esters

23. RODENTICIDES The pesticides acting against rodents are called rodenticides Examples: Warfarin Arsenic trioxide Thallium sulfate. Natural origin examples: Red Squill , Strychnine

24. DISEASE MANAGEMENT OF MEDICINAL AND AROMATIC PLANTS PLANT DISEASE: According to” STAKMAN and HORRAR ” “Any disturbance of a plant that interferes with its normal growth and development , economic values or aesthetic quality, a continuously often progressively affected condition in contrast to injury which result from momentary damage” The deviation is sufficiently pronounced and permanent to produce visible symptom. The deviations are produced by pathogenic organisms or environmental condition and hence their failure to reach the full genetic potential.

25. CLASSIFICATION OF PLANT DISEASES BIOTIC (PATHOGENIC) FUNGI BACTERIA VIRUS AND VIRIODS PHYTOPLASMA PARASITIC PLANT NEMATODES ABIOTIC (NON-PARASITIC DISEASES)  

26. COMMON DISEASES IN PLANTS PHYTOPHTHORA ROT ROOT ROT PHYTOPHTHORA ROOT ROT LEAF NECROSIS LEAF SPOT DAMPING OFF

27. PREVENTION OF DISEASES EXCLUSION  AVOIDANCE SANITATION CULTURAL CONTROL PHYSICAL CONTROL BIOLOGICAL CONTROL CHEMICAL CONTROL MECHANICAL METHOD

28. MODE OF ACTION OF EACH CHEMICAL CLASS   CHEMICAL CLASS Benzimidazole Benzonitrile Carbamates Carbozamide Cinnamic acid Thiadiazole TARGET Cell mitosis multi site Cell membrane Fungal respiration Cell wall synthesis Lipid peroxidation

29. REFERENCES TEXT BOOK OF PHARMACOGNOSY BY KOKATE,C.K PUROHIT,22 nd EDITION TREASE AND EVANS PHARMACOGNOSY,15 th EDITION MOHAMMAD ALI, TEXT BOOK OF PHARMACOGNOSY,CULTIVATION AND UTILISATION OF MEDICINAL PLANTS

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