Types of Research and Proposal_Abdu_Raheem.pptx

A concise presentation of research types and proposals.

1. Types of Research and Research Proposal Dr. Fadlulai Abdu-Raheem Department of Paediatrics, AMSH, Ado-Ekiti 1

2. Outline Research Definition Classification Based on t ype of knowledge Based on type of data Proposal Introduction Parts Title Introduction Literature review Aims and objectives of the study Proposed methodology References Appendix Summary Practical Advice and Conclusion 2

3. Definition of Research Research is a systematic and organised process of inquiry that aims to discover, interpret, or expand knowledge in a particular field or subject. 3

4. Types of Research Classification of research depends on the type of knowledge type of data sampling methods, timescale and location of the research 4

5. Based on type of knowledge Basic vs. applied research Basic research Understanding the fundamental mechanisms and principles of biology, physiology, pharmacology, and pathology. Examples: cellular signaling pathways function, roles and interactions of genes in health and disease Applied research Utilises the knowledge gained from basic research to develop practical solutions, interventions, or treatments. Examples: clinical trials, translational research, epidemiological research 5

6. Based on types of research data Primary research vs secondary research Primary research Analysis of new data collected firsthand from original sources Secondary research Analysis and synthesis of existing data and information, e.g., systematic review and meta-analysis 6

7. Based on types of research data Qualitative vs quantitative Qualitative research Focuses on words and meanings Asks open-ended question Quantitative research Focuses on numbers and statistics Asks closed-ended question 7

8. Types of research QUANTITATIVE QUALITATIVE QUANTITATIVE QUALITATIVE PRIMARY SECONDARY 8

9. Types of study designs 9

10. 10

11. Research Proposal 11

12. Introduction A research proposal is a formal, comprehensive document that outlines the plan and rationale for a research study. It provides a structured framework for researchers to communicate their research goals, methods, expected outcomes, and potential impact on healthcare. It serves as a roadmap for conducting research, seeking funding, and gaining ethical approval. 12

13. Recommendations from the National Postgraduate Medical College (NPMCN) The research proposal a. Should address a relevant issue – epidemiologic, clinical, therapeutic or investigational etc. It should not be a copy of someone else’s past works. The focus must be clear. b. Should have a title reflect the focus of the study. It must be concise, no more than 22 words if possible. c. The facilities for executing the research work should be available and appropriate. d. The study should be executable within the allotted time frame of the residency programme . 13

14. Proposal format according to NPMCN 1. Proposed Title 2. Introduction 3. Literature review 4. Aims and objectives of the study 5. Proposed methodology 6. References 7. Appendices 14

15. Title Page First page of the proposal. It includes the research project's title and the researcher's name. The title should be concise, descriptive, and reflective of the research's focus. For example, “ASSESSMENT OF OVERWEIGHT AND OBESITY AMONG SECONDARY SCHOOL ADOLESCENTS IN ZARIA, NIGERIA USING BODY MASS INDEX, SKINFOLD METHOD, AND BIOIMPEDANCE ANALYSIS” 15

16. Introduction The introduction sets the stage for the research. Including the definition of the subject matter, identification of the research problem and justification Definition “Overweight and obesity, represent a state in which nutritional intake significantly exceeds nutritional demands, leading to abnormal or excessive fat accumulation that may impair health” 16

17. Introduction Research Problem “While data on the trend of childhood overweight and obesity are lacking in Kaduna State, evidence emanating from neighbouring States suggests that childhood obesity may be becoming a public health challenge. Obesity is already recognised as a serious problem among adults in Kaduna State - a third of whom are either overweight or obese…” 17

18. Introduction Justification “The studies on adolescent overweight and obesity in Zaria and Kaduna State, as a whole, are few, made use of relatively small sample sizes, were limited to just one Local Government Area…” “The findings from this study may contribute to further raising awareness about adolescent overweight and obesity among stakeholders in children's wellbeing…” 18

19. Introduction Research Questions “What is the prevalence of overweight and obesity among secondary school adolescents in Zaria, Nigeria using BMI, SFM, and BIA?” 19

20. Literature Review The literature review examines existing research and publications relevant to the proposed study. It demonstrates the researcher's understanding of the subject matter and identifies gaps or areas where new research is needed. This section provides context and justifies the research. For example, I discussed: Overweight and obesity BMI, SFM, BIA Exhaustive review of previous studies, noting their strengths and weaknesses 20

21. Research Objectives Research objectives are specific goals the study aims to achieve. They clarify the focus and expected outcomes of the research. Objectives should be clear, measurable, and directly related to the research question. For example: To determine the prevalence of adolescent overweight and obesity among secondary school adolescents in Zaria, Nigeria, using BMI, PBF SFM, and PBF BIA 21

22. Methodology The research methods section outlines where and how data will be collected and analysed . The choice of methods should align with the research objectives. Content include: Study location, Study design, Sample size determination, Subject recruitment (sampling technique, characteristics of the subjects and selection criteria), Methods, including anthropometry, laboratory analysis and other techniques, Data management and analysis. Budget, Ethical considerations 22

23. References Usually Vancouver in medical sciences Made easy using referencing software such as Zotero, Mendeley 23

24. Appendix Study questionnaire Certificate of ethical clearance Consent form Other relevant information that do not strictly belong to the text. 24

25. Summary In this presentation, research has been defined. Also the various types of research have been discussed, contingent upon the desired knowledge one intends to improve, data characteristics, sampling methods, research duration, and research setting. Also, a comprehensive overview of medical research proposal, covering its definition and key components, has been discussed. 25

26. Practical Advice and Conclusion Carrying out research can be stressful but it is rewarding. While not neglecting your primary studies, volunteer to be involved in one or two research studies before you graduate. Undergraduate studies deals with memorisation of facts mostly. Nonetheless, don’t neglect your creative side. Open your minds to research possibilities and be keen about inventing solutions to any problems you can identify in patient care. You are not too small to engage in research; be bold and relentless. The more you write and create, the more you rise. 26

27. References 1. Kapoor MC. Types of studies and research design. Indian J Anaesth . 2016 Sep;60(9):626–30. 2. McCombes S. Scribbr . 2019 [cited 2023 Sep 23]. Types of Research Designs Compared | Guide & Examples. Available from: https://www.scribbr.com/methodology/types-of-research/ 3. National Postgraduate Medical College of Nigeria (NPMCN). Faculty of Paediatrics Training Curriculum for Postgraduate Medical Education for Paediatrics And Child Health; 2022. p. 28–9. 27

28. THANK YOU 28