Types of specific (adaptive) immunity

in this presentation we will explain the following contents
Introduction to Acquired immunity
Naturally Acquired Immunity
Naturally acquired active immunity
Naturally acquired passive immunity
Artificially Acquired Immunity
Artificially acquired active immunity
Artificially acquired passive immunity

1. TYPES OF SPECIFIC (ADAPTIVE) IMMUNITY M kamil khan Microbiologist

2. Content Introduction to Acquired immunity Naturally Acquired Immunity Naturally acquired active immunity Naturally acquired passive immunity Artificially Acquired Immunity Artificially acquired active immunity Artificially acquired passive immunity

3. Naturally Acquired Immunity There are two types of natural acquired immunity 1. Naturally acquired active immunity 2. Naturally acquired passive immunity

4. 1. Naturally acquired active immunity when an individual’s immune system contacts a foreign stimulus (antigen) such as a pathogen that causes an infection . The immune system responds by producing antibodies and activated lymphocytes that inactivate or destroy the pathogen . The immunity produced can be either lifelong, as with measles or chickenpox, or last for only a few years, as with influenza.

5. 2. Naturally acquired passive immunity The transfer of antibodies from one host to another. For example, some of a pregnant woman’s antibodies pass across the placenta to her fetus. If the female is immune to diseases such as polio or diphtheria, this placental transfer also gives her fetus and newborn temporary immunity to these diseases . Certain other antibodies can pass from the female to her offspring in the first secretions from the mammary glands. Naturally acquired passive immunity generally lasts only a short time (weeks to months , at most).

6. These maternal antibodies are essential for providing immunity to the newborn for the first few weeks or months of life, until its own immune system matures. Protection of the newborn by antibodies from colostrum is especially important in certain animal species (such as cattle and horses), which have less antibody transfer across the placenta than do primates.

7. Artificially Acquired Immunity There are two types of artificial acquired immunity 1. Artificial acquired active immunity 2. Artificial acquired passive immunity

8. 1. Artificially acquired active immunity when an animal is intentionally exposed to a foreign material and induced to form antibodies and activated lymphocytes. This foreign material is called a vaccine and the procedure is vaccination (immunization). A vaccine may consist of a preparation of killed microorganisms; living , weakened (attenuated) microorganisms; genetically engineered organisms ; or inactivated bacterial toxins (toxoids) that are administered to induce immunity artificially

9. 2. Artificial acquired passive immunity when antibodies or lymphocytes that have been produced outside the host are introduced into a host. Although this type of immunity is immediate, it is short lived, lasting only a few weeks to a few months . An example would be botulinum antitoxin produced in a horse and given to a human suffering from botulism food poisoning, or a bone marrow transplant given to a patient with genetic immunodeficiency.

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