Types of stem by Sarah Ashfaq , Botanist

Types of plants stem

1. Types of stems Presented by Sarah Ashfaq 1

2. Contents 2

3. Introduction A  stem   is one of two main structural axes of a  vascular plant , the other being the  root . It supports  leaves ,  flowers  and  fruits , transports water and dissolved substances between the roots and the shoots in the  xylem  and  phloem , photosynthesis takes place here, stores nutrients, and produces new living tissue. The stem can also be called  halm  or  haulm  or  culms . 3

4. Definition 4

5. Characteristics of stem 5

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7. Types of stem 7

8. Herbaceous stem 8

9. Examples Brassica napus Brassica rapa Poppy Carrot Parsnip Mint Ferns Grasses 9

10. 2.Woody stem 10

11. Examples Calotropis Ginkgo Apple tree stem 11

12. 3. Fistular stem 12

13. The stems of Oenanthe fistulosa ( tubular water-dropwort) are hollow, with very thin walls. The stems of Bambusa vulgaris are hollow 13

14. 4. Solid stem Trees 14

15. 5. Jointed stem Indian grass Andropogon   gerardii   15

16. 6. Cylindrical stem Rosa indica Jasminum officinale Helianthus annuus 16

17. 7. Angular stem Ocimum basilicum ( Niazbo ) 17

18. 8. Flattened stem Opuntia 18

19. 19. Glaucous stem The stems of Bambusa vulgaris Glaucous stem and leaf stalks of  Rubus occidentalis . The glaucous stem of   Acanthocalycium glaucum 19

20. 20. Glabrous stem Dryopteris cristata (crested wood fern) . Brassica 20

21. 21. Succulent stem Hoodia macrantha Opuntia Euphorbia royleana 21

22. 22. Spiny stem Duranta erecta stem Acacia stem Rosa indica stem 22

23. 23. Prickly R ibes montigenum (mountain gooseberry) 23

24. Conclusion Stems are the important structural axis of vascular plants . The stem of a plant is divided into three parts consisting of the node, the petiole, and the internode.  They support leaves, fruits, flowers and produce new living tissues. Stems give accurate structures and foundations for plants. Stems are the main transportation routes of water from the roots to the leaves. 24

25. References Greb , T., & Lohmann, J. U. (2016). Plant stem cells. Current biology, 26(17), R816-R821. Laux, T. (2003). The stem cell concept in plants: a matter of debate. Cell, 113(3), 281-283. Schweingruber , F. H., & Börner , A. (2018). The plant stem: a microscopic aspect. Springer. Schweingruber , F. H., Börner , A., & Schulze, E. D. (2007). Atlas of woody plant stems: evolution, structure, and environmental modifications. Springer Science & Business Media. Schulgasser , K., & Witztum , A. (1997). On the strength of herbaceous vascular plant stems. Annals of Botany, 80(1), 35-44. Endress, P. K., Baas, P., & Gregory, M. (2000). Systematic plant morphology and anatomy‐50 years of progress. Taxon, 49(3), 401-434. 25

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