typification and type.pptx

Taxonomic typification and different types

1. TYPIFICATION AND DIFFERENT ZOOLOGICAL TYPES ANAND S GIRI M Sc Zoology

2. TYPE AND TYPIFICATION An object that serves as the basis for the name of a taxon is known as type . Type is a specimen (or a group of specimens) which serves to illustrate the defining characters of a species or genus. The type forms the basis for taxonomic description and the taxonomic description contains mainly the features of the type. Type of the family is the genus and that of genus is species

3. The methodology used for fixing a type is known as ‘ TYPIFICATION ’ or The designation of a nomenclatural type is called TYPIFICATION. The type may or may not be the most typical member of the taxon . The type only fixes the name of particular taxon and the two are permenently and intimately associated Type forms the basis for taxonomic description and the taxonomic description contains mainly the features of the type

4. The type belongs to the science once it is published and won’t remain the sole property of the author .Any bonafied taxonomist is entitled to examine the type when required. The type specimen is specifically chosen by the original author or the later taxonomist. Types are international standards for scientific names . Type specimens are catalogued and usually kept in a museum or other collection where scientists can access it.

5. DIFFERENT ZOOLOGICAL TYPES

6. Holotype It is a single specimen selected by the original author to represent the taxon and so designated or indicated as the ‘type’ .

7. Paratype After the holotype has been labeled, any remaining specimen(s) of the holotype series can be labeled as paratypes, inorder to identify the individuals of the original type series.

8. Lectotype If a type series contains more than one specimen and a holotype has not been designated , any subsequent worker may designate one of the specimens as the lectotype .

9. Syntype W hen a species is first described the author may choose several specimens as being representative of the species rather than pick a single holotype . Each specimen is known as a syntype

10. Neotype If no holotype, lectotype, syntype is known to exist or lost ; then the first reviser of The group may select a specimen which is fully fitting to the original description Of the species. A type specimen chosen in this manner is called neotype.

11. Allotype The term allotype may be used to a paratype specimen of the opposite sex to the holotype .most recent workers have abandoned this term in their works.

12. Isotype The specimen which is a duplicate of the holotype with the same collection data of the holotype.

13. Epitype A specimen or illustration selected to serve as an interpretative type when the holotype , lectotype or neotype ( all original materials can’t be critically identified for the purpose of application of the name of the taxon.)

14. Paralectotypes W hen a lectotype is chosen from a syntype series the remaining specimens become paralectotypes

15. Topotype A specimen collected at a later date from the same locality as the holotype of the species.

16. Monotype When the holotype of a species is the only specimen known to science , it is called monotype .

17. SIGNIFICANCE Provide an objective reference which can be used by later scholars to verify the identity of the species being described. Important to physically examine previously described species to definitively conclude that a specimen we have on hand is in fact new to science. T he type specimen of the earliest described species can be re-examined as soon as the minute differences of the species of the sibling complex are understood. In order to be valid as a type, a specimen must meet certain guidelines set forth in the International Code For Zoological Nomenclature.

18. REFERENCE Narendran T.C, An introduction to Taxonomy, 2006(Published by the Director, Zoo. Surv . India, Kolkata). Theory of Practice of Animal Taxonomy, V.C. Kapoor , Sixth Edition, Oxford & IBH Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi, 2008 https://www.studyandscore.com www.slideshare.net https://www.plantscience4u.com/2021/04/type-method-or-typification ;. https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fcoloramazonia.com.

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