U-1. Microbiology as Applied Science.pptx

Microorganism

1. APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY

2. Courtesy Be Respectful Pay Attention If you can’t pay attention, at least keep it to yourself … don’t disrupt others . Come on time Cell Phones off/silenced YAWN! 2

3. UNIT 1 MICROBIOLOGY AS APPLIED SCIENCE

4. MICROBIOLOGY

5. What is Microbiology Study of: Organisms of microscopic size Classification Morphology Physiology Metabolism Distribution in nature Relationship to each other and other living organisms

6. What is Microbiology …… The study of organisms too small to be seen without magnification Study of d/t microorganisms: bacteria viruses fungi protozoa Helminths (Parasites) algae 6

7. What is Microbiology….. Microbiology – study of microorganisms (simple forms of life visible only with a microscope) Microbiologists are concerned with characteristics and functions such as morphology, cytology, physiology, ecology, taxonomy, genetics, and molecular biology. Microorganisms may be Normal flora Pathogenic

8. What are Microorganisms? Microbes, or microorganisms are minute living things that are usually unable to be viewed with the naked eye. What are some examples of microbes? Bacteria, fungi, protozoa, algae, viruses are examples! Some are pathogenic “ Germ ” refers to a rapidly growing cell. 8

9. Monera Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia Living Organisms Five Kingdom classification of Organisms: Bacteria Archeae Protozoa , Algae Yeasts Molds Microorganisms can be classified by means of general categories called Domains and cell types : Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes

10. Bacteria Protozoa Algae Fungi Viruses Microbiology includes study of

11. Organisms included in the study of Microbiology 1 . Bacteria 2. Protozoans 3. Algae 4. Parasites 5. Yeasts and Molds Fungi 6. Viruses Bacteriology Protozoology Phycology Parasitology Mycology Virology 11

12. Branches of microbiology

13. Microbiology as a BASIC Science Microorganisms like Bacteria and yeast are useful in studying molecular biology, biochemistry and genetics : reproduce rapidly are genetically (DNA) and biochemically more simple than higher order organisms working with bacteria and yeast for understanding life processes has no ethical ramifications

14. Microbiology as an Applied Science The field of microbiology is defined, more or less, by the physical scale of the living objects of its study . In this sense, it began with the invention of instrumentation to visualize objects below the limits of the human eye , that is, the microscope. In another sense, however, microbiology also includes the study of properties of these objects which can be observed macroscopically or indirectly , for example, the metabolic consequences, the diseases, and the products of microbial activity . In addition to studying the natural history of microbes, it also deals with every aspect of microbe-human and microbe environmental interactions . These interactions include genetics, metabolism , infection, disease, drug therapy, immunology, genetic engineering, industry,

15. Microbiology as an Applied Science Some prominent areas that are heavily based on applications in microbiology are as follows: Medicine —Vaccine development, production of antibiotics, production of important biological enzymes (insulin ). Immunology studies the system of body defenses that protects against infection. It includes serology , a discipline that looks for the products of immune reactions in the blood and tissues and aids in diagnosis of infectious diseases by that means, and allergy , the study of hypersensitive responses to ordinary, harmless materials.

16. Cont’d………… Public health microbiology and Epidemiology aim to monitor and control the spread of diseases in communities. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention located in Atlanta, Georgia, and the World Health Organization, the medical limb of the United Nations collects information on disease from around the United States and publishes it in a weekly newsletter called the Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report . Food microbiology, dairy microbiolog y, practical roles of microbes in food like in milk, bread. Agricultural microbiology is concerned with the relationships between microbes and crops, with an emphasis on improving yields and combating plant diseases.

17. Cont’d……….. Biotechnology includes any process in which humans use the metabolism of living things to arrive at a desired product, ranging from bread making to gene therapy . Industrial microbiology is concerned with the uses of microbes to produce or harvest large quantities of substances such as beer, vitamins, amino acids, drugs, and enzymes . Genetic engineering and recombinant DNA technology involve techniques that deliberately alter the genetic makeup of organisms to mass-produce human hormones and other drugs, create totally novel substances, and develop organisms with unique methods of synthesis and adaptation. This is the most powerful and rapidly growing area in modern microbiology. Ecology — Bioremediation —microorganisms that degrade toxic waste materials

18. Aquatic microbiology refers to the study of microorganisms and their activities in natural waters , such as lakes, ponds, streams, rivers, estuaries, and oceans. Domestic and industrial wastewater enters lakes and streams, and its degradation and effects on the microbial life are important factors in aquatic microbiology . Aeromicrobiology is the study of microorganisms found in the air and the public health implications of airborne microbes (fungi, bacteria, viruses), their metabolites (e.g ., mycotoxins ), and cell components. Several entries deal with the public health aspects (e.g ., allergies ) of airborne fungi, especially in indoor environments.

19. Cont’d………… Microbiologists (persons who specialized in microbiology) may be interested in specific types of organisms ; For example, Virologists – microbiologists who study about viruses. Bacteriologists - ……..study about bacteria. Phycologists or Algologists - …….study about algae. Mycologists - ……….study about fungi. Protozoologists - ………study about protozoa .

20. Applied Microbiology - AMB Microbiology has numerous applications or practical uses in industry, medicine and other areas. Also AMB - is the interaction of the microbial world and the rest of the world. genetic variances microbial effect on soil, water, our food

21. Applications of Microbes are involved in nutrient production & energy flow decomposition production of foods, drugs & vaccines bioremediation making improvements in industrial production, agriculture, medicine, and environmental protection 21

22. Applications …….many more…. We wash our clothes with detergents containing microbe-produced enzymes, We eat food that derives flavor from microbial action, and, in many cases, even eat microorganisms themselves. We are vaccinated with altered microbes to prevent diseases that are caused by those very same microbes. We treat various medical conditions with drugs produced by microbes; We dust our plants with insecticides of microbial origin; We use microorganisms as tiny factories to churn out various industrial chemicals and plastics. We depend upon microbes for many facets of life—one might say even for life itself in plant growth…… hormones, biocontrol , N2-fixing and PSB and also in gut.

23.  A pplication of microbiology  In Food In Industry In Environments In Agriculture In Medicine Group Discussion Notice: From each group during presentation , randomly one member of every group is expected to present the group Discussion and all the rest of the group member will be asked questions .

24. 24 Food Microbiology Cheese production Dairy/Cheese

25. 25 Food Microbiology Cheese manufacture Add rennin to milk (curd) Add Lactobacillus bacteria (anaerobic acid fermenters) Immature cheese – cottage cheese Allow ripening (aging) to decrease water, increase flavor

26. Industrial microbiology - is the commercial exploitation of microorganisms to produce valuable economic, environmental and socially important products, or to carry out important chemical transformations. Industrial Microbiology is the study , utilization and manipulation of those microorganisms capable of economically producing desirable substances or changes in substances, and the control of undesirable microorganisms. 26

27. INDUSTRIAL MICROBIOLOGY

28. D efinition Water microbiology ? is an aspect of microbiology that deals with the normal and adventitious microflora of natural and artificial water bodies .  

29. Typical Water Quality Standards The main purpose of bacteriological analysis of water - to determine potability of H2O . Drinking Water No coliforms contamination acceptable Recreational water 200 fecal coliforms /100 ml Fish and wildlife habitat 5000 fecal coliforms/100 ml

30. SOIL MICRO-BIOLOGY

31. THE ROLE OF MICROBES IN THE PRODUCTION OF BIOFERTILIZERS Soil possesses the inherent capacity to support growth of plants by supplying proper amount of different nutrients in the proper proportion. This capacity depends upon the amount of plant nutrients present in the soil. Fertilizers are essentially inorganic chemical substances that can be used as NPK (Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium) that supply nutrients to the growing plants in the right proportion so as to enable proper growth of plants . This advent of fertilizers was a boon to the farmers who had solely depended on farm yard manure and rotation of crops to restore soil fertility but still they also have a number of options to increase the fertility of soil by using biofertilizers .

32. Types of fertilizers There are principally two types of fertilizers , namely, chemical and biological . Chemical fertilizers are very expensive from the energy point of view leading to high cost and dependence on nonrenewable energy sources. For example, NPK are chemical fertilizers. Chemical fertilizers have short-term increase of soil fertility, immediate increase in soil fertility, non-biodegradable residues are left in the soil leading to biomagnifications and chemicals are leached into water. To counteract the above disadvantages of chemical fertilizers, the focus has, therefore, shifted to biofertilizers which are advantageous in the following ways. They improve soil structure . They are long-term fertilizers . They act as biocontrol agents .

33. HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENTS IN MICROBIOLOGY The beginnings The study of microorganisms, or microbiology began when the first microscopes were developed in 1665 by the English scientist, Robert Hooke who viewed many small objects and structures using a simple lens that magnified approximately 30 times . His specimens included the eye of a fly , a bee stinger , and the shell of a protozoan. Hooke also examined thin slices of cork , which was the bark of a particular type of oak tree. He found that cork was made of tiny boxes that Hooke referred to as ‘ cells ’ . 33

34. Cont’d……. He published his work in a book Micrographie which contained a miscellany of his thoughts on chemistry as well as a description of the microscope and its uses. Hooke in 1665 described the fruiting structures of molds . Thus , Robert Hooke was the first person to describe microorganisms. 34 Discussion

35. Cont’d….. Antony van Leeuwenhoek (pronounced Layu-wen- hoek) was born on October 24, 1632 in Delft, Holland (now Netherlands). In 1674 , he made first observation of microoraganisms and was the first person to observe and accurately describe and measure bacteria and protozoa , termed by him, as “ animalcules ” which he thought were tiny animals. In 1677 , he became the first person to describe spermatozoa and was one of the earliest to describe red blood corpuscles . Because of his extraordinary contribution to microbiology, he is considered as the father of bacteriology and protozoology . 35

36. The transition period Biology of the 1700s was a body of knowledge without a focus. It consisted of observations of plant and animal life and the attempts by scientists to place the organisms in logical order. The dominant figure of the era was Carolus Linnaeus (1707–1778), a Swedish botanist who brought all the plant and animal forms together under one Binomial nomenclature (naming of an organism by two names—the genus and species) system of classification scheme . His book, Systema naturae , was first published in 1735. Discovery of the microscopic world raised some interesting queries and eventually led scientists to question some of the long-held beliefs. 36

37. The transition period At that time in history, the scientific community used a theory known as ‘ spontaneous generation’ (the doctrine that holds that lifeless objects give rise to living organisms) to explain the apparently magical origins of life. The theory proposed that simple life forms arose spontaneously from non-living materials and had its basis in the findings of Aristotle in the fourth century BC . Although most people accepted spontaneous generation, the theory did have some strong opponents . Among the first to dispute the theory of spontaneous generation was the Italian scientist , Francesco Redi (1626–1697). He reasoned that flies had reproductive organs while observing van Leeuwenhoek’s drawings. 37

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45. Basic and applied sciences in microbiology Microbiology , that has played a major role in the advancement of human health and welfare, is one of the largest and most complex of the biological sciences as it deals with many diverse biological disciplines . In addition to studying the natural history of microbes, it also deals with every aspect of microbe-human and environmental interaction. These interactions include: ecology, genetics , metabolism , infection, disease, chemotherapy, immunology, genetic engineering, industry and agriculture . The branches that come under the large and expanding umbrella of microbiology are categorized into basic and applied disciplines. The categorization is given below in the Table 1.11. Dr.T.V.Rao MD 45

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