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1. understanding
culture, society,
and politics
Prepared by: Rey S. Arroyo

2. 1 Discuss the nature, goals and
perspectives in/of anthropology,
sociology and political science
Learning Competency
By the end of this lesson, students will be able to:

3. LESSON I: tHE HISTORICAL
BACKGROUND OF THE
GROWTH OF SOCIAL
SCIENCES
Prepared by: Rey S. Arroyo

4. In the development and progress of human knowledge, the
social sciences were the last to develop after the natural
sciences.
And while the origin of social sciences can be traced back to the
ancient Greek Philosopher Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle, their
development as separate fields of knowledge only begun in the
modern period (Collins 1994, p.7).
Before the birth of modern social sciences in the West, the
study of society, culture, and politics were based on social and
political philosophy (Scott 2006, p. 9)
In return, social and political philosophies were informed by
theological reasoning grounded in Revelation based on the
Bible.

5. This was largely due to the dominance of the religious
worldview and authority during this time.
While pre-modern social thinkers employed experiences and
personal observation, just like modern scientist, they fit them
within the overall framework of their philosophy and the over all
religious scheme of the Church.
Philosophy is distinct from Science. Science would have not
developed if it remained under the wings of philosophy and
theology. Philosophy is based on analytic understanding of the
nature of truth asserted about specific topics of issues.

6. The sciences are based on empirical data, tested theories, and
carefully contrived observations.
Science seeks to discover the truth about specific causes of
events and happenings in the natural world.
The definition of Science is a very modern description. Before
the modern period, the growth of the sciences were slowed
down because of the dominance of the religious authority and
tradition.
However, the breakdown of the Church and its religious power
after the French revolution, the sciences grew steadily and
rapidly to become the most widely accepted way of explaining
the world, nature, and human beings (Harrington 2006).

7. The Unprecedented Growth of Science
The Scientific Revolution,
which begun with Nicolaus
Copernicus (1473-1543),
refers to the historical
changes in thought and belief,
to changes in social and
institutional organization, that
unfolded in Europe roughly
between 1550-1700.

8. The Unprecedented Growth of Science
Nicolaus Copernicus (19 February 1473
– 24 May 1543) was a Renaissance
polymath, active as a mathematician,
astronomer, and Catholic canon, who
formulated a model of the universe
that placed the Sun rather than Earth
at its center. In all likelihood, Copernicus
developed his model independently of
Aristarchus of Samos, an ancient Greek
astronomer who had formulated such a
model some eighteen centuries earlier.

9. The Unprecedented Growth of Science
It culminated in the works of Sir Isaac
Newton (1643- 1727), which proposed
universal laws of motion and a
mechanical model of the Universe.

10. The Unprecedented Growth of Science
The 17th century saw the rapid
development in the sciences.
Sir Francis Bacon, who established the
supremacy of reason over imagination.
Francis Bacon, 22 January 1561 – 9 April
1626) was an English philosopher and
statesman who served as Attorney
General and Lord Chancellor of England
under King James I. Bacon argued the
importance of natural philosophy, guided
by scientific method, and his works
remained influential throughout the
Scientific Revolution.

11. The Unprecedented Growth of Science
Bacon has been called the father of
empiricism. He argued for the
possibility of scientific knowledge
based only upon inductive reasoning
and careful observation of events in
nature.
He believed that science could be
achieved by the use of a sceptical and
methodical approach whereby
scientists aim to avoid misleading
themselves.

12. The Unprecedented Growth of Science
Bacon has been called the father of
empiricism. He argued for the
possibility of scientific knowledge
based only upon inductive reasoning
and careful observation of events in
nature.
He believed that science could be
achieved by the use of a sceptical and
methodical approach whereby
scientists aim to avoid misleading
themselves.

13. Rene Descartes and and Sir Isaac
Newton laid the foundation that
allowed science and technology to
change the world.
The discovery of gravity by Sir Isaac
Newton, the mathematization of
physics and medicine paved the way
for the dominance of science and
mathematics in describing and
explaining the world and its nature.
The Unprecedented Growth of Science

14. René Descartes 31 March 1596 –
11 February 1650): was a French
philosopher, scientist, and
mathematician, widely considered a
seminal figure in the emergence of
modern philosophy and science.
Mathematics was paramount to his
method of inquiry, and he connected
the previously separate fields of
geometry and algebra into analytic
geometry.
The Unprecedented Growth of Science

15. With the coming of Scientific
Revolution and Age of Reason, in
16th and 17th centuries, nature was
to be controlled, “ bound into service
and slave” (Capra, 1982, p.56).
From the Medieval cosmology or
model of the universe as a big
machine.
A triumph of this model of the
universe was facilitated by Newton’s
Physics.
The Unprecedented Growth of Science

16. Descartes’ separation of the physical
from the spiritual, the body from the
mind, is also triumph of valuing
physical over the spiritual. Once the
physical universe is considered as a
machine, it soon become apparent
that human beings can explore
according to science in order to reveal
its secrets (Merchant 1986).
The Unprecedented Growth of Science

17. The modern period marked the
growing triumph of scientific method
over religious dogma and theological
thinking. The triumph of Reason and
science over dogma and religious
authority began with Reformation.
The Protestant movement led by
Martin Luther eroded the Power of
Roman Catholic Church.
The Secularization of Learning and Education

18. Martin Luther. 10 November 1483–
18 February 1546) was a German
priest, theologian, author,
hymnwriter, professor, and
Augustinian friar. Luther was the
seminal figure of the Protestant
Reformation, and his theological
beliefs form the basis of Lutheranism.
He is widely regarded as one of the
most influential figures in Western
and Christian histor.
The Secularization of Learning and Education

19. Luther was ordained to the
priesthood in 1507. He came to reject
several teachings and practices of the
Roman Catholic Church; in particular,
he disputed the view on indulgences.
Luther attempted to resolve these
differences amicably, first proposing
an academic discussion of the
practice and efficacy of indulgences
in Ninety-five Theses, which he
authored in 1517.
The Secularization of Learning and Education

20. In 1520, Pope Leo X demanded that
Luther renounce all of his writings,
and when Luther refused to do so,
excommunicated him in January
1521. Later that year, Holy Roman
Emperor Charles V condemned
Luther as an outlaw at the Diet of
Worms. When Luther died in 1546,
Pope Leo X's excommunication was
still in effect.
The Secularization of Learning and Education

21. Luther taught that salvation and,
consequently, eternal life are not earned
by good deeds; rather, they are received
only as the free gift of God's grace through
the believer's faith in Jesus Christ, who is
the sole redeemer from sin.
Luther's theology challenged the authority
and office of the pope by teaching that the
Bible is the only source of divinely revealed
knowledge, and opposed sacerdotalism by
considering all baptized Christians to be a
holy priesthood.
The Secularization of Learning and Education

22. Then, there was Enlightenment. This was
largely a cultural movement, emphasizing
rationalism as well as political and
economic theories, and was clearly built on
the Scientific Revolution (Stearns 2003, p.
70)
In the Age of Enlightenment, philosophers
led by Emmanuel Kant challenged the use
of metaphysics or absolute truth derived
mainly unjustified tradition and authority
such as existence of God.
The Secularization of Learning and Education

23. Kant advocated the use of reason in order
to know the nature of the world and human
beings.
Kant is the father of the modern ethics
The Secularization of Learning and Education

24. Whereas in the Medieval Period,
Universities relied mainly on religious
tradition and the Bible to explain the nature
of the universe and the place of the human
beings in the grand schemes of things, the
modern universities started rely on science
and its method to interpret the world.
Max Weber, one of the leading figures in
modern sociology, described the process of
rationalization.
The Secularization of Learning and Education

25. Rationalization means that social life is
more and more subjected to calculation and
prediction.
Calculation and Prediction can only
achieved if human beings and society rely
on regularities established by modern
science.
Earlier people diseases through divine
intervention. With the discoveries of germ
theory and development of vaccination by
Louis Pasteur, people relied more and more
on medical knowledge to deal with
diseases.
The Secularization of Learning and Education

26. Louis Pasteur. 27 December 1822 – 28
September 1895) was a French chemist,
pharmacist, and microbiologist renowned
for his discoveries of the principles of
vaccination, microbial fermentation, and
pasteurization, the last of which was
named after him.
His research in chemistry led to remarkable
breakthroughs in the understanding of the
causes and preventions of diseases, which
laid down the foundations of hygiene,
public health and much of modern
medicine.
The Secularization of Learning and Education

27. A French sociologist
Francois Lyotard (1984)
points out, Science
triumphed because it
provide reliable sources.
The Secularization of Learning and Education

28. The collapse of religious authority and
gradual erosion of religious domination over
social life of the people led to the use of
classical humanistic resources such as
ancient philosophy and humanities to
advance human knowledge independent of
Revelation (Zeitlin 1968,pp. 3)
The Secularization of Learning and Education

29. The collapse of religious authority and
gradual erosion of religious domination over
social life of the people led to the use of
classical humanistic resources such as
ancient philosophy and humanities to
advance human knowledge independent of
Revelation (Zeitlin 1968,pp. 3)
The Secularization of Learning and Education

30. Education is the single most important factor in the
rise of social sciences.
The growth of universities also contributed to the
triumph of science.
The Rise of Universities

31. Feudal Relations - broad terms a lord was a noble who
held land, a vassal was a person granted possession of the
land by the lord, and the land was known as a fief. In
exchange for the use of the fief and protection by the lord,
the vassal provided some sort of service to the lord.
With the intensification of commerce and trade in the 17th
century, many medieval guild or worker’s cooperatives were
dissolved and absorbed into the emerging factory system.
The Dissolution of Feudal Social Relations

32. Livres des merveilles du monde
recorder the travel of Marco Polo,
an Italian merchant from Venice.
The book introduce the Europeans
to Asia and China and Inspired
Columbus’ five journeys to America
(1942- 1506).
Later in the 18th Century, trade and
commerce greatly accelerated.
Trade and Commerce

33. Charles Tilly, a historian, believed
that this was one of the major
factors in the large-scale change in
the European history that also
determined largely the direction of
social sciences.
Anthropologist also began to
compare the difference between
rural life and city life, between
civilized life and the savage life of
non-Western people.
Trade and Commerce

34. Charles Tilly, a historian, believed
that this was one of the major
factors in the large-scale change in
the European history that also
determined largely the direction of
social sciences.
Anthropologist also began to
compare the difference between
rural life and city life, between
civilized life and the savage life of
non-Western people.
Trade and Commerce

35. Harriet Martineau, a British political economist
and sociologist, social scientist shifted their
attention to Non- Western Country world as a
model of the early stage of Western civilization.
Key contributors to Western civilization include
Ancient Greece and Rome and their contributions
to political ideology, the Judeo-Christian traditions
and ethical beliefs, the art and culture that
developed during the Renaissance, and the
Scientific Revolution.
Western world: the United States, Canada; the
countries of the European Union plus the UK,
Norway, Iceland and Switzerland; Australia and
New Zealand.
Trade and Commerce

36. The intensification of commerce and trade
gradually replaced barter with the
introduction of money and banking system.
Soon banking system merchants and
capitalists leverage to extent credit card
and transactions.
The introduction of money enabled people
to deal with in an impersonal matter.
Georg Simmel (1858-1918), a German
sociologist in the early 20th century, decry
the growing depersonalization of life due
to the introduction of money.
The Rise of Individualism

37. The Birth of Social Sciences as a
Response to the Turmoil of the Modern
period

38. understanding
sociology

39. Etymologically, Sociology came from the
Latin word socius – means companion
and Greek word logos – means to study.
It is a systematic study of human
relationship along with human society
and interaction, social groups and
institutions, and the whole societies, and
the human world.
Sociology also addresses the problem of
the constitution of the self and the
individual.
Understanding Sociology

40. Sociology, therefore, is a
science that studies the
relationship between the
individual and the society as
they develop and change in
history.
Understanding Sociology

41. Auguste Comte (1798-1857)
a French philosopher and
mathematician, is the founding father
of sociology. He coined the term
“sociology” but originally used “social
physics” as the term of sociology.
Its aim was to discover the social laws
that govern the development of
societies.
Understanding Sociology

42. Comte suggested that there were
three stages in the development of
societies, namely the theological
stage, the metaphysical stage, and
the positive stage.
Comte’s sociology has always been
associated with positivism or the
school of thought that science and its
method is the only way valid way of
knowing things.
Understanding Sociology

43. Unknown to many students of
sociology, however, there were also
women scholars who were
responsible for the development of
sociology.
The founding “mother of sociology” is
Harriet Martineau (1802-1876), an
English writer and reformist. With
physical , Martineau traveled a lot,
especially in the U.S., and wrote her
traveloguos.
Understanding Sociology

44. In her accounts expressed in How to
observe Morals and Manners (1838),
the deep sociological insights that we
now calls as ethnographic narratives
are fully expressed.
She also wrote on political economy
and was influenced by J.S Mill, David
Ricardo, and Adam Smith.
Understanding Sociology

45. Karl Marx (1818-1883)
the German philosopher and
revolutionary further contributed to the
development of sociology.
considered as the “father of scientific
socialism”.
Marx advocate the use of scientific
method to uncover the deep structural
tendencies that underlie great social
transitions, for instance, from agricultural
to modern industrial capitalist society.
Understanding Sociology

46. Emile Durkheim (1858-1917)
the professionalization of sociology
made it through in the University of
Bordeaux in 1985. He defended
sociology as a separate and
independent field from psychology. His
notable works are The Division of Labor
in Society (1893) which tackles the
transformation of a society from a
primitive state into a capitalist, industrial
society. He also published a work titled
Suicide (1897).
Understanding Sociology

47. He searched different police districts to
study suicide statistics that would reveal
differences from the communities of
Catholics and Protestants. The
differences observed were linked to
socioreligious forces rather than
psychological causes of each person.
Understanding Sociology

48. Max Weber (1864-1920)
Weber stressed the role of
rationalization in the development of
society.
For Weber, rationalization refers
essentially to the disenchantment of the
world. As science began to replace
religion, people also adopted a scientific
or rational attitude to the world.
As science began to replace religion,
people also scientific or rational attitude
to the world.
Understanding Sociology

49. People refuse to believe in myths and
superstitious beliefs. In this way, more
individuals became independent on
science on their lives.
Understanding Sociology