Unguided (Wireless) Media network communication .pptx

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1. Unguided (Wireless) Media Unguided media transport electromagnetic waves without using a physical conductor. This type of communication is often referred to as wireless communication. Signals are normally broadcast through free space and thus are available to anyone who has a device capable of receiving them.

2. Cont.….d Unguided signals can travel from a given source to its destination in several ways: ground propagation sky propagation line-of-sight propagation.

3. G round propagation In-ground propagation, radio waves travel through the lowest portion of the atmosphere, hugging the earth. These low-frequency signals emanate in all directions from the transmitting antenna and follow the curvature of the planet. Distance depends on the amount of power in the signal. The greater the power, the greater the distance will be.

4. sky propagation In sky propagation, higher-frequency radio waves radiate upward into the ionosphere (the layer of the atmosphere where particles exist as ions) where they are reflected on earth. This type of transmission allows for greater distances with lower output power.

5. line-of-sight propagation line-of-sight propagation , very high-frequency signals are transmitted in straight lines directly from antenna to antenna. Antennas must be directional, facing each other and either tall enough or close enough together not to be affected by the curvature of the earth. Line-of-sight propagation is tricky because radio transmissions cannot be completely focused.

6. A . Radio Waves Radio waves have frequencies between 3 kHz and 1 GHz, while microwaves range from 1 to 300 GHz. The behavior of the waves, rather than the frequencies, is a better criterion for classification. Radio waves are omnidirectional, meaning they propagate in all directions. Antennas transmitting radio waves do not need to be aligned with receiving antennas. The omnidirectional property allows radio waves to be received by any compatible antenna. However, the omnidirectional nature also makes radio waves susceptible to interference from other antennas using the same frequency or band. Radio waves, especially those propagated in the sky mode, can travel long distances. This long-distance propagation makes radio waves suitable for AM radio and other forms of long-distance broadcasting.

7. Omnidirectional Antenna Radio waves utilize omnidirectional antennas that transmit signals in all directions. Different types of antennas are used based on the wavelength, signal strength, and transmission purpose. The omnidirectional nature of radio waves is advantageous for multicasting, where one sender can reach multiple receivers. Examples of multicasting applications include AM and FM radio, television broadcasting, maritime radio, cordless phones, and paging systems.

8. Microwaves Microwaves are a line-of-sight wireless communication technology that uses high-frequency radio waves. They provide high-speed wireless connections for voice, video, and data transmission. Microwaves are unidirectional, meaning they are transmitted in a narrowly focused beam. Both the sending and receiving antennas need to be aligned for successful communication. The unidirectional property allows multiple pairs of aligned antennas to coexist without interference. Microwaves are often used in point-to-point communication links, such as microwave backhaul for cellular networks or wireless Internet service providers.

9. Unidirectional Antenna Microwaves need unidirectional antennas that send out signals in one direction. Two types of antennas are used for microwave communications: A. parabolic dish B . horn

10. parabolic dish antenna A parabolic dish antenna is designed based on the geometry of a parabola. The parabolic shape ensures that every line within the dish is parallel to the line of sight. The curves of the parabola intersect at a common point called the focus. The dish acts as a funnel, capturing a wide range of waves and directing them to the focus. By focusing the waves at a single point, a parabolic dish antenna can recover more of the signal compared to a single-point receiver. Parabolic dish antennas are commonly used for long-range communication, such as satellite communication and wireless Internet service providers

11. horn antenna A horn antenna has a shape resembling a large scoop. Outgoing transmissions are broadcast up a stem or handle of the horn. The curved head of the horn antenna deflects the outgoing transmissions into narrow parallel beams. Received transmissions are collected by the scooped shape of the horn. Similar to a parabolic dish antenna, the collected signals are deflected down into the stem of the horn antenna. Horn antennas are used for both transmitting and receiving signals. They are commonly employed in applications such as radar systems, satellite communication, and microwave links.