uni 1Introduction Microbiology full unit part 2.pptx

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1. Unit 1 st Introduction to Microbiology By Nursing Instructor kINAHS Shahzeena Mallah

2. Objectives: Define Microbiology. Explain the importance of microbiology in nursing practice. List the contribution of the scientists in the field of microbiology. Distinguish between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cell.

3. Objectives: List some basic properties of virus. List basic nutritional requirements of microorganisms. Classify bacteria on the bases of their nutritional requirements and morphology.

4. MICROBIOLOGY It is the study of the biology of all types of microscopic organisms (Bacteria, Virus, algea protozao,fungi), including pathogenic or non-pathogenic microorganisms. It provides knowledge about multiplication of microbes, their forms, their virulence, ways to control their infection, resistance against microbes (Immunity) etc

5. BRANCHES OF MICROBIOLOGY CYTOLOGY Study of cell . Its structure and functions HISTOLOGY It concerned with study of all types of tissues BACTERIOLOGY Concerned with study of Bacteria VIROLOGY Concerned with study of viruses

6. BRANCHES OF MICROBIOLOGY MYCOLOGY Concerned with study of fungi PROTOZOALOGY Study of Protozoan IMMUNOLOGY Provides knowledge about immunity. ECOLOGY : Science of organisms affected by environment

7. IMPORTANCE OF MICROBIOLOGY Establishment of clinical diagnosis Isolation of causative agent Determination of antibiotic susceptibility Monitoring therapy Prevention of infectious disease by vaccine Provides knowledge about sterilization and disinfection. Confirmation of bacteriological cure

8. HISTORY OF MICROORGANISMS Girolamo Fracaster (1546) First suggested that infection is due to minute particles and spread to person to person Antonious Van Leeuwen Hock (1676) 1 st saw bacteria in 1676A.D. So he is called founder of bacteriology Edward Jenner (1676) 1 st introduced small pox vaccine

9. HISTORY OF MICROORGANISMS Dr. John Snow (1854) 1 st discovered that cholera is was transmitted through drinking water. William Budd (1873) 1 ST discovered the role of milk and water in the transmission of typhoid fever Alphon Selovean(1880) discovered parasite of malaria parasite.

10. HISTORY OF MICROORGANISMS Klebs and Loeffer (1881) 1 st discovered diphtheria bacilli Robert Koch (1882) 1 st discovered bacilli mycobacterium tuberculi Louis Pasteur (1884) Discovered pasteurization method and protective treatment against rabies Ronald Ross (1895) Discovered mosquito of malaria fever and its treatment (Quinine)

11. HISTORY OF MICROORGANISMS Edward Ricketts (1909) 1 st discovered rickettsai organism Alexender Flamming (1929) Discovered penicillin (Streptomycin) So called father of penicillin. Joseph Lord Lister (1827) Known as founder of Anti septic surgeon Hansen (1874) Discovered Mycobacterium Laprae

12. HISTORY OF MICROORGANISMS Neiser (1879) Discovered Neisseria Gonorrhoeae Eberth (1880) Discovered Salmonella Typhi Ogston (1881) Discovered Staphylococcus Pasteur Sternberg(1881) Discovered Pneumococcus

13. HISTORY OF MICROORGANISMS Shiga (1896) Identified Shigella bacteria Nicolaier (1885) Identified tetanus germ Fehleisen (1883) Identified Streptococcus

14. TERMINOLOGY STERLIZATION It is destruction or complete removal of all forms of microorganisms including spores DISINFECTION Destruction of many microorganisms but not usually the bacterial spores ANTISEPSIS It destruction or inhibition of germ in living tissue to limit or prevent the harmful effect infection

15. TERMINOLOGY STERILANT : an agent or method used to remove or kill all microbes. SEPTIC : presence of pathogenic microbes in living tissue. ASEPTIC : absence of pathogenic microbes. STERILE : free of life of every kind.

16. TERMINOLOGY BACTERIOSTATIC : inhibiting bacterial multiplication. This action is reversible by removal of agent. E.g chloromphanicol antibiotic BACTERICIDAL : killing bacteria e.g Penicillin and cephalosporin antibiotics

17. TERMINOLOGY FUMIGATION: Means sterilization by exposure of vapours. O.T is sterilized by formaldehyde vapors. EPIDEMIC DISEASE: The disease which spread in short period of time in large area e.g measles, cholera ISOLATION Means separation of an infected person from healthy person to prevent the spread of disease

18. TERMINOLOGY INCUBATION PERIOD The period starts fro the entry pathogenic microbe in body till sign and symptoms appear is called incubation period CULTURE MEDIA The media for cultivation (culturing) of microorganisms for diagnosis and drug sensitivity PATHOGEN Microbes which produce disease

19. TERMINOLOGY PHAGOCYTES Eating cells. E.g WBCs eat microbes PHAGOCYTOSIS Mechanism to eat the cell PATHOGENS Disease causing microbes PATHOLOGY Branch of medicine treating essential nature of disease specially changes in body tissue or organ, which cause or caused by disease

20. TERMINOLOGY VACCINE Drug containing live or killed organisms for the prevention of infectious disease.

21. TERMINOLOGY COMMUNICABLE DISEASE Disease that is spread from person to person VECTOR Animal that transfers microbes from source of contamination or infected person to healthy person e.g mosquito, flies, insects

22. TERMINOLOGY NORMAL FLORA Microbes living on or within host with benefiting the host. They are found on skin surface, nose, GIT and gentiles. FUNCTION Helps in absorption of nutrients Synthesize vitamin K, B12 and lactic acid Prevent colonization of pathogenic microbes Bacteriocin produced inhibit growth of microbes

23. NORMAL FLORA

24. TERMINOLOGY ORGANELLES Small structures present in cell e.g mitochondria, UNICELLULAR Organisms composed of single cell MULTICELLULAR Organisms composed of many cells MITOSIS Somatic cell division in which 2 daughter nuclei are formed from single cell, each cell contains 46 numbers of chromosomes

25. TERMINOLOGY MEIOSIS Cell division which occurs in germ cells (sperm) From one parent cell 4 daughter cells are formed, each cell contains 23 number of chromosomes GAMETE Gametes are male sex cells (SPERM) and female sex cells (OVA), having haploid numbers of chromosomes

26. TERMINOLOGY CARYOKINESIS This is division of NUCLEUS CYTOKINESIS This is division of cytoplasm IMMUNOLOGY Study of immune system IMMUNIZATION Process of creating immunity by vaccination IMMUNITY Means process of recognizing and eliminating foreign antigen

27. TERMINOLOGY ANTIGEN any substance that causes immune system to produce antibodies against disease. It may be a foreign substance from the environment such as chemicals, bacteria, viruses, pollen or even food (Nutrient) particle ANTIBODY An immunoglobulin, a specialized immune protein, produced due to an antigen into the body, and which possesses the remarkable ability to combine with the very antigen that triggers its production.

28. TERMINOLOGY NOSOCOMAIL INFECTION Hospital acquired infection is called nosocomail infection BACTRIMIA Presence of bacteria in blood BACTERI URIA Presence of bacteria in urine SEPTISEMIA Septicemia is bacteria in the blood (bacteremia) that often occurs with severe infections.

29. TERMINOLOGY PUS Thick yellow semi liquid substance consisting dead WBCs bacterial cell and tissue fluid VIRULENCE Power of microbes to produce disease BACTRIOPHAGE Bacteria eating viruses are called bactriophage

30. Define cell:

31. Differentiate between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cell:

32. Define virus and its properties: A virus is a infectious microbe consisting of a segment of nucleic acid (either DNA or RNA) surrounded by a protein coat . A virus can not replicate alone instead, it must infect cells and use components of the host cells to make copies to itself.

33. Functions of virus: Protect the viral nucleic acid. Participate in the viral infections Antigenic and specific for each virus type. Provides structural symmetry to the virus particle.

34. Nutritional requirements of microorganism: Nutrients are substances used in biosynthesis and energy release and therefore are required for microbial growth.

35. Classify bacteria on the basis of nutritional requirements: They require carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, metals and water for their biochemical processes. On the basis of their energy source and the carbon, bacteria are divided into two major classes: Autrotrops and Heterotrops.

36. Conti,, Based on the mode of nutrition, bacteria are two types, mainly autotropic bacteria (can synthesis their food by themselves) and heterotrophic bacteria (not capable of synthesising their own food).

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