Aplicaciones del MSA
IdenHficación de regiones conservadas
Iden;ficación de dominios de unión a ATP de dimerización de la proteína RD2
(universal stress protein) de Arabidopsis
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purified SlRd2 protein and performed a nucleotide
binding assay in vitro by incubating SlRd2 in the
presence of [a-
32
P]ATP. Samples were then analyzed by
SDS-PAGE followed by autoradiography (Fig. 5B, up-
per panel). Indeed, SlRd2 was able to bind [a-
32
P]ATP,
whereas no [a-
32
P]ATP binding was observed when the
GFP protein was incubated in its presence. To further
confirm that SlRd2 was also able to bind ATP in vivo,
a synthetic analog of ATP, (+)-biotin-hex-acyl-ATP
(BHAcATP), consisting of ATP, an acyl-P linker and a
biotin tag, was used (Villamor et al., 2013). Incubation
of GFP-SlRd2 expressing plant extracts with BHAcATP
followed by streptavidin purification revealed that
SlRd2 was able to bind BHAcATP in planta (Fig. 5C,
upper panel). Moreover, ATP addition suppressed
BHAcATP labeling by competing with BHAcATP and
saturating the nucleotide-binding site of SlRd2 (Fig. 5C,
upper panel). Thesefindings indicate that SlRd2 binds
ATP and therefore functionally belongs to the ATP-
binding subgroup of the UspA family represented by
Mj0577.
The dimerization motif, present in UspA family
proteins, is also conserved in SlRd2 and is localized
close to the C terminus (Figs. 5A and S4). Mj0577 and
HiUspA were shown to exist as homodimers in vivo
(Sousa and McKay, 2001; Zarembinski et al., 1998).
Mj0577 crystallizes as a homodimer, and each mono-
mer binds the other through antiparallel hydrogen
bonds in thefifth beta sheet within each subunit. To test
whether SlRd2 was also able to form homodimers, we
performed a Y2H analysis in which the yeast strain
expressed SlRd2 both in the prey (pJG4-5) and in the
bait (pEG202) plasmids. Indeed, SlRd2 can form homo-
dimers because growth was observed in restrictive me-
dia and blue color developed in the presence of X-gal
(Fig. 6A). No interaction was detected when Y2H anal-
ysis was performed using a SlRd2 mutant version,
SlRd2∆dim (amino acids 163 to 166 deletion), in which
the putative dimerization domain VIIV was deleted (Fig.
6A). SlRd2 and SlRd2∆dim, were expressed in yeast (Fig.
6B). Therefore, SlRd2 forms dimers and the conserved
VIIV domain is necessary for dimerization in vivo.
It has been described thatE.coliUspC is able to form
tetramers in vivo (Nachin et al., 2008). To check if SlRd2
also formed homotetramers in vivo, anE.coliculture
overexpressing SlRd2 tagged at the N terminus with the
epitope His (His-SlRd2) was treated with a cross-linking
agent, disuccinimidyl glutarate (DSG), for 30 min.
Thereafter, protein extractswereobtained,analyzed
by SDS-PAGE and His-SlRd2 detected by immuno-
blot. Two bands of approximately 42 and 24 kD were
observed in the extracts treated with the crosslinker,
which corresponded likely with SlRd2 dimer and mon-
omer, whereas only the lowerM
r
band was observed in
control conditions (Fig. 6C). Thus, we concluded that
SlRd2 is able to form homodimers but not homote-
tramers in vivo.
To determine that SlRd2 formed homodimers in
planta and their putative subcellular localization, BiFC
assays were performed.SlRd2cDNA was cloned in the
BiFC vectors, transformed intoAgrobacteriumand agro-
infiltrated inN.benthamianaleaves. Reconstitution of
YFPfluorescence was observed 2 d after under the
confocal microscope when SlRd2-YFP
C
and SlRd2-YFP
N
Figure 4.Tomato SlRd2 protein structure and
phylogenetic analysis. A, Schematic structure of
SlRd2 containing N-terminal and C-terminal domains
and a conservedUspdomain, which encompasses
a dimerization motif. Special symbols indicate the
conserved residues described to be involved in
ATP-binding. B, Phylogenetic relationship of pro-
teins containing Usp domains from plants and
bacteria includingA.thaliana,AtRD2;tomato,SlRd2
and LeER6;N.benthamiana,NbRd2;O. sativa,
OsUSP1;V. faba, VfENOD18;E. coli, EcUspG and
EcUspA;H. influenzae,HiUspA;andM. jannaschii,
Mj0577. SlCbl10 was used as the outgroup. The
numbers on the tree represent bootstrap scores.
Plant Physiol. Vol. 173, 2017 841
SlRd2 Phosphorylation and Role in Stress Defense
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Bloque I: Alineamiento de secuencia II