UNII II ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS IN BUILDINGS

Basics of electricity distribution - Earthing systems and bonding - Electric wiring - Industrial Installations -Lighting controls - Light sources, Lamps, Lighting design - Telecommunication installations.

1. 20CE7020E BUILDING SERVICES ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS IN BUILDINGS UNIT – 2

2. UNIT 2 ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS IN BUILDINGS Basics of electricity distribution - Earthing systems and bonding - Electric wiring - Industrial Installations -Lighting controls - Light sources, Lamps, Lighting design - Telecommunication installations.

3. Basics of electricity distribution: The basic electrical installations are, lighting - providing illumination both inside and outside buildings exhaust fans - providing ventilation both inside and outside buildings use of portable and non-portable electrical machines or appliances and their wiring network, including sub-main wiring, cable, O.H. lines etc, including control panel and switches.

4. BUILDING ELECTRICAL SYSTEM

5. Transmission and distribution After electricity has been generated, a system of electrical wires carries the electricity from the source of generation to our homes and businesses. Transmission   lines, transformers, substations and other equipment have voltages of 100 kV (100,000 volts) and above.

6. Types of Electric Power Distribution Systems 1) According to the nature of the supply AC Distribution system DC Distribution system 2) According to a type of connection Radial system Ring system Interconnected system 3) According to a type of construction Overhead system Underground system

7. Classification According to Nature of Supply Primary distribution system Secondary distribution system AC Distribution system AC voltage can be easily step up and step down with the help of a transformer.

8. primary distribution system It is used to convert 11 kV to 415 V. And this power is directly distributed to the small consumers.

9. Secondary distribution system generated AC power is converted into DC power with the help of a rectifier or rotary converter . The applications where we need DC power are; traction purpose, DC motors, Battery charging, and electroplating.

10. DC Distribution System The load is connected in parallel between two lines. Generally, the load connected in this system is lamp-load or motors. The load has only two terminals can be connected in this type of system.

11. DC Distribution System Three-wire DC distribution system Hence, the load requires a higher voltage that is connected between healthy wires, and the load requires a lower voltage that is connected between one healthy wire and a neutral wire.

12. Classification According to Method of Connection

13. Radial System

14. Ring Main System

15. Radial, Loop, & Network Systems: Radial Loop Network

16. Power Distribution System It receives High volt power from a transmission network then stepped down it by a step-down  transformer  to the primary distribution level voltage. Primary distribution voltage is usually 11 kV, but can range between 2.4 kV to 33 kV depending upon region or consumer .

17. Earthing systems and bonding:

18. Earthing earthing is to limit the duration of touch voltages if you were to make contact with an exposed conductive part. The earth creates a safe route for the current to flow instead of causing electric shock.

19. Bonding The purpose of bonding is to reduce the risk of electric shock if you find yourself touching separate metallic   parts when there is a fault somewhere within the electrical installation.   Protective bonding conductors reduce the magnitude of touch voltage in this scenario.

20. TN-S System

21. TN-C-S System

22. TT System

23. Electric wiring Electrical wiring  is an electrical installation of cabling and associated devices such as switches, distribution boards, sockets, and light fittings in a structure.

24. Non-Metallic (NM) Sheathed Cable : Most interior wiring is done with non-metallic, or NM, cable—also known by the popular brand name  Romex . NM cable is made of three or more wires wrapped inside a flexible plastic jacket, or sheathing. It is used for most interior circuits, such as those for outlets, switches, light fixtures, and appliances.

25. Direct-Burial Cable Standard electrical cable is designed to be run indoors, where it stays dry and is protected by wall, ceiling, or floor structures. wires are embedded in solid vinyl to fully protect them from moisture.

26. Different Types of Electrical Wire NM Cable UF Cable THHN THWN Low-Voltage Wire Phone and Data Wire Coaxial Cable

27. NM cable (Non metallic cable) White sheathing - NM cable with 14-gauge conductors. Yellow sheathing - NM cable with 12-gauge conductors. Orange sheathing - NM cable with 10-gauge conductors. Black-sheathed - for both 6- and 8-gauge wire.

28. UF Cable It is commonly used for supplying outdoor fixtures, such as lampposts. Like standard NM cable, UF contains insulated hot and neutral wires, plus a bare copper ground wire.

29. THHN and THWN wires They have colored sheathings used to identify their function in a circuit: Hot wires: Black, red, orange Neutral wires: White, brown Ground wires: Green, yellow-green

30. Low-Voltage Wire Low-voltage wiring is used for circuits typically requiring 50 volts or less. Several common types are  landscape lighting wire , sprinkler system connections, bell wire (for doorbells), speaker system wires, and thermostat wires.

31. Phone and Data wire Telephone and data wiring are low-voltage wires used for  “landline” telephones  and internet hookups, typically made from copper. Telephone cables may contain four or eight wires. It can be used for both phone and data transmission and offers greater capacity and quality than standard  phone wire .

32. Coaxial cable Coaxial cable used in connecting televisions to antenna or cable service delivery and is still often used to connect satellite dishes or to bring subscription television service to an in-home distribution point. It typically has black or white insulation and is perfectly round in shape

33. Industrial installations Its a network of wires connecting various accessories for distribution of electrical energy from the supplier meter board to the numerous electrical energy consuming devices such as lamps, fans and other domestic appliances through controlling and safety devices is known as a wiring system. Electrical Wiring & Installation

34. Tree System

35. Joint Box System Methods of Wiring:

36. Loop System This system is universally used for connections of various lamps or other appliances in parallel. The phase or line conductors are looped either in switch board or box and neutrals are looped either in switch board or from light or fan. Line or phase should never be looped from light or fan.

37. Different Types of Electrical Wiring Systems The types of internal wiring usually used are Cleat wiring Wooden casing and capping wiring CTS or TRS or PVC sheath wiring Lead sheathed or metal sheathed wiring Conduit wiring

38. Cleat Wiring This system of wiring comprises of ordinary VIR or PVC insulated wires (occasionally, sheathed and weather proof cable) Cleat wiring system is a temporary wiring system therefore it is not suitable for domestic premises. The use of cleat wiring system is over nowadays.

39. Wooden casing and capping wiring The cable used in this type of wiring is either  VIR or PVC  or any other approved insulated cables.

40. Battern (CTS or TRS or PVC sheath) wiring In this type of wiring the cables used may be  single core, twin core or three core TRS cables  with a circular oval shape. Usually single core cables are preferred. TRS cables are sufficiently chemical proof, water proof, steam proof but are slightly affected by lubricating oils.

41. Lead Sheathed Wiring The type of wiring employs conductors that are insulated with VIR and covered with an outer sheath of lead aluminum alloy containing about 95% of lead. The metal sheath given protection to cables from mechanical damage, moisture and atmospheric corrosion. This types used for Low voltage Applications

42. Conduit Wiring In this system of wiring steel tubes, known as conduits, are installed on the surface of walls by means of saddles or pipe hooks or buried under plaster and  VIR or PVC cables  are drawn into afterwards by means of a GI wire of size of about 18 SWG.

43. Lighting controls Lighting controls are a range of smart lighting devices that can regulate the levels, quality and characteristics of light in a defined space. These smart devices aid in reducing electricity wastage while simultaneously encouraging energy efficiency.

44. They switch on the lights automatically as they detect motion and turn them off when the area is not occupied for a certain amount of time. For instance, Savvy is a range of smart PIR occupancy sensors by Wipro Lighting that uses advanced passive infrared technology for detecting patterns and ranges. 1. Occupancy Sensors Lighting controls

45. A dimmer allows the users to control and alter the “intensity of illumination” as per their preferences. It encourages convenience as users can lighten or darken the room with simple controls 2. Dimmers Lighting controls

46. Integrated lighting controls permit the users to alter the lighting scenes in a defined space. They allow the users to modify and set a lighting scene that comprehends their mood. Various  LED lighting manufacturers  offer IoT -enabled control systems that allow users to control lighting with mobile phones and other internet-enabled devices. 3. Integrated Lighting Controls Lighting controls

47. Light sources, Lamps, Lighting Design Lighting Design: Location of Light Sources: Light plays an important role in the perception of the environment around us, without light there is no vision and vision gives us a part of our sensory experiences. Despite the charm, daylighting persists in some defects such as glare, heat penetration, discoloration of furniture and fabric dyes, etc. hence the need for artificial lighting. A basic understanding of the colour , intensity, and texture of light supports the ideas which will undermine a project ’ s design goals. Refining layouts, materials, and scale can ’ t make a huge difference that light can quickly and powerfully alter the appearance and emotional effect with a few simple strokes. For every space design decision, there needs to be a complementary lighting decision.

48. Light sources, Lamps, Lighting Design Light from the Ceiling onto Walls

49. Light sources, Lamps, Lighting Design Lighting from the Ground

50. Light sources, Lamps, Lighting Design Lighting from the Wall Upwards

51. Light sources, Lamps, Lighting Design Lighting the Wall

52. Light sources, Lamps, Lighting Design Light from Slots and Coves

53. Light sources, Lamps, Lighting Design Low Lighting onto the Floor

54. Light sources, Lamps, Lighting Design Suspended Glowing Sources

55. Telecommunication installation Telecommunications are the means of electronic transmission of information over distances. The information may be in the form of voice telephone calls, data, text, images, or video. Today, telecommunications are used to organize more or less remote computer systems into telecommunications networks. These networks themselves are run by computers. A telecommunications network is an arrangement of computing and telecommunications resources for communication of information between distant locations.

56. Telecommunication installation