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Relationship Between Theory, Research & Practice of Nursing Reviewed and presented by: Mr. M Younus Khan
O bjecti v e s Relate the theory , practice and research in perspective. Discuss evolution of nursing practice T heories . Appreciate nursing theorists of historical significance.
Nursing Theory: Education, Practice & Research Theory development in nursing is an essential component to advance the knowledge of the discipline . The discipline of nursing has evolved to an understanding of the relationship among theory, practice, & research that no longer separates them into distinct categories . This complementary relationship foster the development of new understanding about practice, as theory is used to guide practice & practice innovations drive new- middle range theory .
Theory Descr i b e s/ E x pla i ns phenomenon Predicts Outcome of the phenomenon Prescribe Action for phenomenon Education Used as a frame work to structure curricular content or as a guide for nursing education Practice Used to apply theory based interventions Research Test & evaluate theory Evaluate patient responses to nursing & medical evidence based interventions Develop standards for care Generate new scientifically tested nursing knowledge
C o n t . It provides a guiding framework for what to be taught at different levels of nursing programs. PhD: a research degree that generates new discipline-specific knowledge Master’s: use theoretical perspectives focused on the patient for specific nursing outcomes; focuses on evidence based practice generated from research & experience BScN: introduce research process & the use of theory to guide it
Use of Theory in Nursing Education Nursing as a discipline is dependent on theory, as it guides what courses a nursing student should learn to become a nurse . Example: Caring (FON) Transcultural nursing (CHS) End of life care (Palliative Nursing) Stress & adaptation (MHN) 6
Use o f Theory i n Nursing Practice Nursing theory is a useful tool for sound reasoning, critical thinking and decision making process in nursing practice . Provides a systematic way to provide nursing care by organizing, understanding & analyzing data, planning interventions, predicting outcome of care, evaluating patient outcome ---- NCP Challenges conventional views of patients, illness, health care delivery system, & traditional nursing interventions. Example: o Orem’s self care theory o Kolcaba’s comfort theory o Moore’s end of life theory 7
Use of Theory in Research Identify meaningful & relevant areas for study . Propose plausible approaches to health problems . Develop or refine theories . Define the concepts & proposed relationships between concepts . Interpret research findings . Develop clinical practice protocols . Generate nursing diagnosis .
Nursing Philosophies These are the most abstract type & sets for the meaning of nursing phenomena through analysis, reasoning & logical presentation Nursing Conceptual Models/ Grand Theories It provide a distinct frame of reference for its adherents (conceptual framework), that tells them how to observe & interpret the phenomena of interest to the discipline, it is broad & complex Nursing Theories It comprises works derived from nursing philosophies, conceptual models, abstract nursing theories. It is generally not as specific as a middle- range theory Middle-Range Nursing Theories These have the most specific focus & is concrete, are precise & answer specific nursing practice questions or a particular situation with limited number of variables Types of Nursing Theoretical Works
Nursing Philosophies Ni g h t i ng a l e Watson Ray Benner Martinse n Eriksson Nursing Conceptual Models/ Grand Theories Levine Rogers Orem King Neuman Roy Johnson
Nursing Theories Boykin & Schoenhofer Meleis Pender Leininger Newman Parse Erickson, Tomlin & Swain Husted & Husted Middle-Range Theories Mishel Reed Wiener & Dodd Eakes, Burke & Hainsworth Barker Kolcaba Mercer Beck Swanson Ruland & Moore
Paradigm & Metaparadigms in Nursing Paradigm is a pattern of beliefs & practices. A paradigm directs what research topics are investigated, how research is conducted, & how theories are derived with in nursing . (Weaver & Olson, 2006; Monti & Tingen, 1999 ) A set of assumptions, beliefs, concepts, values, and practices that define a particular scientific discipline or research tradition Metaparadigms in Nursing Person : Recipient of care, including physical, spiritual, psychological, & sociocultural components, E.g. Individual, family, or community Environment : All internal & external conditions, circumstances, & influences affecting the person Health : Degree of wellness or illness experienced by the person Nursing : Actions, characteristics & attributes of person giving care
Based on the Philosophical Underpinnings of the Theories “Needs” Theories These theories are based around helping individuals to fulfill their physical & mental needs. E.g.: Virginia Henderson - Need Theory “Interaction” Theories These theories revolve around the relationships nurses form with their patients . Such theories have been criticized for largely ignoring the medical model of health & not attending to basic physical needs. E.g: Hildegard Peplau - Interpersonal theory
3 . “Outcome” Theories These portray the nurse as the changing force , who enables individuals to adapt to or cope with ill health Outcome theories have been criticized as too abstract and difficult to implement in practice E.g.: Roy- adaptation model 4. “Humanistic” Theories Humanistic theories emphasize a person’s capacity for self-actualization . E.g.: Maslow- Self-actualization; Carl Rogers developed a person –centered model of psychotherapy that emphasizes the uniqueness of the individual. The major contribution that Rogers added to nursing practice is the understanding that each client is a unique individual, so, person-centered approach now a practice in nursing. Co nt .
References Alligood, M. R. ( 2018). Nursing theory: Utilization & application , ( 9th ed.). Maryland Heights, (MO) : Mosby-Elsevier. Alligood, M. R. ( 2014). Nursing theory: Utilization & application , ( 8th ed.). Maryland Heights, (MO) : Mosby-Elsevier. Chinn, P. L., & Kramer, M. K. ( 2011 ). Integrated knowledge development in nursing ( 8th ed.). St. Louis : Elsevier Mosby. Colley, S. (2003). Nursing Theory: its importance to practice. Nursing Standar d. 17, 46, 33-37. Duff, E. (2011) Relating the Nursing Paradigm to Practice: A Teaching Strategy. International Journal of Nursing Education Scholarship, 8, 13-19. http://dx.doi.org/10.2202/1548-923X.2076 Miller, A. (1985). The relationship between nursing theory and nursing practice. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 1985,10,417—424 Reed, P., & Shearer, N. ( 2012 ). Perspectives on nursing theory ( 6th ed.). New York : Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Scott P., Matthews A., Kirwan M. (2013). What is nursing in the 21st century and what does the 21st century health system require of nursing? Nursing Philosophy, PP 1-12 Tomey. M.A. & Alligood, M.R. (2014). Nursing Theorists and Their Work (8 th ed.). St. Louis, Missouri: Mosby, Inc.
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