Unit # 06 Chemistry Of Proteins Insta . husain.z.kmu.pptx

Unít no6 bio chemistry BSN

1. Proteins Roshan Ali Assistant Professor IBMS, KMU Abdullah Danish, Educational Platform

2. Course Contents General chemistry of amino acids Composition Amphoteric nature Dipeptides Structure of Proteins o Primary o Secondary o Tertiary Quaternary Functions of Proteins Biological importance of Proteins Classification of Proteins on the basis of o Solubility o Composition o Biological functions Properties of Proteins o Colloidal nature o Denaturation of Protein Abdullah Danish, Educational Platform

3. After the completion of this unit students will be able to: 1. Discuss the general structure of amino acids. 2. Discuss the following - Essential and non essential amino acid. - Polar and non polar amino acid - Zwitter ion 3. Describe classification of proteins according to solubility, composition, function and shape. 4. Explain the significance of protein denaturation. 5. Discuss the structure of dipeptides and tripeptides. 6. Describe the primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary structure of protein . Abdullah Danish, Educational Platform

4. Amino Acids Amino acids are the structural units that make up proteins. They join together to form short polymer chains called peptides or longer chains called either polypeptides or proteins. These polymers are linear and unbranched , with each amino acid within the chain attached to two neighboring amino acids. The process of making proteins is called  translation Abdullah Danish, Educational Platform

5. Importance Building blocks of proteins As a source of energy: CO2+Urea Gluconeogenesis: glucose formation. Flavor enhancer: glutamic acid Artificial sweetener: Aspartame 5-hydroxytryptopan: Depression treatment Abdullah Danish, Educational Platform

6. Amino Acids Amino acids: structural units of proteins. When joined together: peptides or Proteins. Linear and unbranched From: http ://www.ucl.ac.uk/~ sjjgsca/peptide1.gif Date: October 25, 2015 From: http :// science.halleyhosting.com/sci/ibbio/chem/notes/chpt3/primary.gif Date: October 25, 2015 Abdullah Danish, Educational Platform

7. Structure Abdullah Danish, Educational Platform

8. Amino acid (Building blocks of proteins) From: https :// katysstudynotes.files.wordpress.com/2010/10/protein-1.png Date: October 25, 2015 Abdullah Danish, Educational Platform

9. Naming the carbon atoms in amino acids Abdullah Danish, Educational Platform

10. Amino Acids: Atom Naming Organic nomenclature: start from one end Biochemical designation: start from  -carbon and go down the R-group Abdullah Danish, Educational Platform

11. Alpha, Beta and Gamma amino acids From: http :// patentimages.storage.googleapis.com/US7179789B2/US07179789-20070220-C00001.png Date: October 25, 2015 Abdullah Danish, Educational Platform

12. Essential and non essential amino acids Abdullah Danish, Educational Platform

13. Lysine: K Tryptophan: W Threonine: T Valine : V Phenylalanine: F Isoleucine: I Leucine : L Methionine: M Essential Amino acids KW TV FILM Abdullah Danish, Educational Platform

14. Nonessential Alanine Asparagine Aspartic acid Cysteine Glutamic acid Glutamine Glycine Proline Selenocysteine Serine Tyrosine Arginine Histidine Ornithine Taurine Abdullah Danish, Educational Platform

15. Structures of Amino Acids Abdullah Danish, Educational Platform

16. Amino acids differ in the R group Abdullah Danish, Educational Platform

17. Glycine Gly G R: H Abdullah Danish, Educational Platform

18. Alanine Ala A R: CH 3 A: means one CH 3 only Abdullah Danish, Educational Platform

19. Serine Ser S Abdullah Danish, Educational Platform

20. Cysteine Cys C Abdullah Danish, Educational Platform

21. Methionine Met M Meth thio nine Methyl Thio Isnain:2(CH 2 ) Abdullah Danish, Educational Platform

22. Phenylalanine Phe F Phenyl Alanine Abdullah Danish, Educational Platform

23. Tyrosine Tyr Y Tyr osine Aey tair -e- lahoti Abdullah Danish, Educational Platform

24. Tryptophan Trp W Abdullah Danish, Educational Platform

25. Histidine His H Abdullah Danish, Educational Platform

26. Valine Val V Abdullah Danish, Educational Platform

27. Threonine Thr T Abdullah Danish, Educational Platform

28. Leucine Leu L Yo : means one CH 2 Abdullah Danish, Educational Platform

29. Isoleucine Ile I Isomer of leucine: One methyl group drops one step down From: http :// users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/L/Leu_ile.gif Date: October 25, 2015 Abdullah Danish, Educational Platform

30. Aspartic acid Asp D Asp: Starts with A A: One: One Carbon Abdullah Danish, Educational Platform

31. Glutamic acid Glu E Glu : Two: Two carbons Abdullah Danish, Educational Platform

32. Asparagine Asn N Asp: From Aspartic acid Ine : For amine: NH2 instead of OH in COOH Abdullah Danish, Educational Platform

33. Glutamine Gln Q Glut: From Glutamic acid Ine : For amine: NH2 instead of OH in COOH Abdullah Danish, Educational Platform

34. Lysine Lys K 4 carbons with one amino group Abdullah Danish, Educational Platform

35. Arginine Arg R Abdullah Danish, Educational Platform

36. Proline Pro P Abdullah Danish, Educational Platform

37. All above mentioned amino acids show chirality except glycine W hat is chirality? Abdullah Danish, Educational Platform

38. Chirality Abdullah Danish, Educational Platform

39. From: http :// www.chemtech.org/cn/cn2323/images/4-chiral.gif Date: October 25, 2015 Abdullah Danish, Educational Platform

40. Most -A mino Acids are Chiral The -carbon has always four substituents and is tetrahedral All (except proline ) have an acidic carboxyl group, a basic amino group, and an alpha hydrogen connected to the -carbon Each amino acid has an unique fourth substituent R In glycine, the fourth substituent is also hydrogen From: https :// encrypted-tbn3.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcTyTDeiU0RySqPUeBueNvymtq1ZwKVVn8l3GVYhJ936wBEYI8WI Date: 2014 Abdullah Danish, Educational Platform

41. Classification Abdullah Danish, Educational Platform

42. Amino Acids: Classification Common amino acids can be placed in five basic groups depending on their R substituents: Nonpolar, aliphatic (7) Aromatic (3) Polar, uncharged (5) Positively charged (3) Negatively charged (2) Abdullah Danish, Educational Platform

43. Aliphatic Amino Acids Abdullah Danish, Educational Platform

44. Aromatic Amino Acids Abdullah Danish, Educational Platform

45. Charged Amino Acids Abdullah Danish, Educational Platform

46. Polar Amino Acids Abdullah Danish, Educational Platform

47. Special Amino Acids Abdullah Danish, Educational Platform

48. Peptides and peptide bond formation Abdullah Danish, Educational Platform

49. Zwitterions Abdullah Danish, Educational Platform

50. Isoelectric point The  isoelectric point  ( pI ) is the pH value at which the molecule carries no electrical charge or the negative and positive charges are equal . The PH at which amino acids are present in zwitterion form. Abdullah Danish, Educational Platform

51. Peptides and Peptide bonds “ Peptides” are small condensation products of amino acids They are “small” compared to proteins (di, tri, tetra… oligo -) Abdullah Danish, Educational Platform

52. Importance and functions Abdullah Danish, Educational Platform

53. Proteins http:// www.redrooster.com.au/media/360/WholesomeRoast.75.12824.png November 1, 2015 Abdullah Danish, Educational Platform

54. Proteins 1: Biochemical compounds: Polymers of amino acids 2: Composition: one or more polypeptides (amino acids)  3: Structure: folded into a globular or fibrous form 4: Function: It carries out several biological functions. Abdullah Danish, Educational Platform

55. Importance and Functions of Proteins Abdullah Danish, Educational Platform

56. Importance or Functions of proteins 1. cell structure: cytoskeleton ( mircrofilamints , microtubules) 2. contractile machinery of muscle: Actin Myosin 3. Oxygen transport: Hemoglobin 4. S earch for foreign invaders: Antibodies 5. R eaction catalysis: Enzymes 6. S ensing and responding: Receptors 7. Many other functions previously explained in amino acids section Abdullah Danish, Educational Platform

57. https:// upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/48/Actin_Myosin.gif Date: 2014 http:// academic.brooklyn.cuny.edu/biology/bio4fv/page/ind_fit.gif November 1, 2015 http:// people.eku.edu/ritchisong/RITCHISO/receptorprotein.gif Date: 2014 http:// www.ps-19.org/Crea07Eukary/index_files/cytoskeleton-1.gif November 1, 2015 http://2.bp.blogspot.com/- l8oNf7cLsM4/Upc9cQcrP4I/AAAAAAAABWI/LTy5cDpxO_4/s1600/first-animatin.gif November 1, 2015 https:// upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/ba/Hemoglobin_t-r_state_ani.gif November 1, 2015 Abdullah Danish, Educational Platform

58. Types or Classes of Proteins Abdullah Danish, Educational Platform

59. http:// moleculesoflife2010.wikispaces.com/file/view/types_of_proteins_table_Nelson.jpg/174923423/734x534/types_of_proteins_table_Nelson.jpg November 1, 2015 Type: 1 Abdullah Danish, Educational Platform

60. Types according to composition Simple proteins (Only polypeptide chains) e.g. Albumin, glubulin , glutinin , prolamin Conjugated proteins (Polypeptide chain + other molecules) e.g. nucleoproteins, glycoprotein Derived proteins ( obtained from simple proteins by the action of enzymes and chemical agents) e.g. Peptides i.e. proteoses (by water) and peptones (by enzymes) Abdullah Danish, Educational Platform

61. Classification on solubility Proteins can be broadly classified into three groups, based on their shape and solubility. Fibrous proteins : rod like structure. not soluble in water. Collagen. Globular proteins : spherical. soluble in aqueous solution. Myoglobin. Membrane proteins : in association with lipid membranes. not soluble in aqueous solution. Rhodopsin. Abdullah Danish, Educational Platform

62. continued http:// image.slidesharecdn.com/structureoforganiccompounds-120929105636-phpapp01/95/structure-of-organic-compounds-25-728.jpg?cb=1348917245 November 1, 2015 http:// images.slideplayer.com/1/273296/slides/slide_43.jpg November 1, 2015 Abdullah Danish, Educational Platform

63. Levels of Protein Structures Abdullah Danish, Educational Platform

64. Levels of protein structure Abdullah Danish, Educational Platform

65. Primary Structure Sequence of the amino acids Abdullah Danish, Educational Platform

66. Secondary structure Folding of short polypeptide units into geometrically ordered units The secondary protein structure is the specific local geometric shape caused by intramolecular and intermolecular hydrogen bonding of amide groups. Abdullah Danish, Educational Platform

67. Types of secondary structures Alpha Helix: In the alpha helix, the polypeptide chain is coiled tightly in the fashion of a spring. Beta Sheets: Beta sheets consist of beta strands connected laterally by at least two or three backbone hydrogen bonds, forming a generally twisted, pleated sheet. A beta strand (also β strand ) is a stretch of polypeptide chain typically 3 to 10 amino acids long with backbone in an almost fully extended conformation. Abdullah Danish, Educational Platform

68. Abdullah Danish, Educational Platform

69. Beta sheet and its types Abdullah Danish, Educational Platform

70. Antiparallel Abdullah Danish, Educational Platform

71. Parallel Abdullah Danish, Educational Platform

72. Tertiary Structure Abdullah Danish, Educational Platform

73. Tertiary structure The three dimensional assembly of secondary structure into a functional unit. Abdullah Danish, Educational Platform

74. Quaternary structure More than one polypeptide chains Abdullah Danish, Educational Platform

75. Fibrous and Globular Proteins Abdullah Danish, Educational Platform

76. Fibrous proteins Scleroproteins : fibrous proteins, Examples: Keratin , collagen, elastin, and fibroin are all scleroproteins . The roles of such proteins include protection and support, forming connective tissue, tendons, bone matrices, and muscle fiber. Abdullah Danish, Educational Platform

77. Keratin Collagen Elastin Abdullah Danish, Educational Platform

78. Shape: long protein filaments: rods or wires. Function: structural and storage Solubility: inert and water-insoluble. Occurrence: occurs as an aggregate due to hydrophobic side chains that protrude from the molecule. has limited residues with repeats The structures often feature cross-links between chains (e.g., cys-cys disulfide bonds between keratin chains). Does not denature as easily as globular proteins . Abdullah Danish, Educational Platform

79. Globular Proteins Abdullah Danish, Educational Platform

80. Globular proteins Globular proteins: spheroproteins Globular proteins are spherical ("globe-like") somewhat water-soluble they actually form colloids in water The term globin can refer more specifically to proteins including the globin fold Abdullah Danish, Educational Platform

81. Continued The molecule's apolar (hydrophobic) amino acids are bounded towards the molecule's interior whereas polar (hydrophilic) amino acids are bound outwards, allowing dipole-dipole interactions with the solvent, which explains the molecule's solubility . folding in a different way can effect function of globular proteins Less stable as compared to fibrous proteins Abdullah Danish, Educational Platform

82. Thank You Abdullah Danish, Educational Platform