Unit 1 environmental science for engineering.pdf

Environmental ppt

1. Course Code: 1CL501CC24
ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE
Unit 1: Multidisciplinary Nature of
Environment

4. Development
in the current phase of
INDUSTRALIZATION &
URBANIZATION

9. This
INDUSTRALIZATION &
URBANIZATION
Cause large environmental pollution
and issues

13. The development is ‘not in pace with Environment’.
and hence;
a great damage has occurred to the Environment.

17. Let us contribute to
conserve earth & environment
and
provide continuity of life for next generations to come….

18. Join hands to save the mother earth ….
through all streams of science and engineering and ….

19. Makedevelopmentinpacewithenvironment
toattainsustainability.
TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT
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20. Unit 1: Multidisciplinary
Nature of Environment

21. Main Topics of Unit 1
▪Environment and its multidisciplinary nature
▪Energy Resources
▪Environment Conservation and Management
▪Biodiversity and its conservation
▪Atmospheric Chemistry and Ozone Depletion
▪Greenhouse effect and its causes
▪Climate Change: causes, effects, challenges and remedial measures

22. What is Environment ?

23. Environment –Definition
The word ‘Environment’is derived from the
French word:
‘en’ –surrounding, encompassing
‘viron’ –circle, around
Environment refers to the surroundings or
conditions in which a person, animal, or plant
lives or operates.

24. Environment –Definition and Meaning
▪Definition:Environmentissumofallexternal
conditionssurroundingorganismsplus
influencesaffectingorganism.
Example:Consideraflower
✔Externalconditionssurrounding
flower
▪Temperature,sunlight,water,soil&
atmosphere
✔Influencesaffectingflower
▪Animalswhicheatplantofflower

25. Environmental Studies –Multidisciplinary Nature
▪Environmentalstudiesisamultidisciplinary
academicfieldwhichsystematicallystudies
humaninteractionwiththeenvironmentin
theinterestsofsolvingcomplexproblems.
▪Environmentalstudiesbringstogetherthe
principlesofthephysicalsciences,
commerce/economics andsocialsciences
soastosolvecontemporaryenvironmental
problems.Itisabroadfieldofstudythat
includesthenaturalenvironment,thebuilt
environment,andthesetsofrelationships
betweenthem.

26. Environmental Studies –Multidisciplinary Nature
▪Thefieldencompassesstudyinbasic
principles of ecology and
environmentalscience,aswellas
associatedsubjectssuchasethics,
geography,anthropology,policy,urban
planning,law,economics,philosophy,
sociologyandsocialjustice,planning,
pollutioncontrolandnaturalresource
management.

27. Environmental Studies –Multidisciplinary Nature

28. Scope And Importance of Environmental Studies
The‘Development’tobeinpacewithenvironmentalprotectionand
conservation,vastscopeliesinalldisciplinesofscienceand
technologytowards-
▪Studyandexploringthenature.
▪Technologicaldevelopments.
▪Practicalapplicationsandimplementations.
▪Postimplementationimpactsandproblems.
▪Remedialmeasuresandsolutionfindingstotheproblems.
▪Meanstoconservethenatureandenvironment.

29. Major Objective of the Course

30. Components of Environment

31. Components of Environment
Environment
Atmosphere
(Gaseous
portion/Air)
-Troposphere
-Stratosphere
-Mesosphere
-Thermosphere
Hydrosphere
(Liquid portion/
water)
Lithosphere
(Solid portion/
rocks and soil)
-Crust
-Mantle
-Core
Biosphere
(Living portion)

32. Components of Environment –Atmosphere
▪CompositionofAtmosphere:
✔Majorcomponents:Nitrogen(78.09%),Oxygen(20.94%),Water
vapour(0.1-5%)
✔Minorcomponents:Argon(0.934%),Carbondioxide(0.032%)
✔Othercomponents:Neon,Helium,Ozone,Carbonmonoxide,
Hydrogen,Methaneetc.

33. What happen without atmosphere ?
▪Life is impossible without atmosphere.
▪It is source of oxygen (essential for life)
▪It is source of carbon dioxide (essential for photosynthesis)
▪Without atmosphere, there would be no clouds, winds or storm,
and hence no weather.
▪Without atmosphere, no rainfall & no snowfall.

34. Structure of Atmosphere
Thermosphere
Mesosphere
Stratosphere
Troposphere

35. Atmosphere
Atmospheric Structure

36. Components of Environment –Atmosphere
✔Lapserate:Changeoftemperaturewithheight
✔Positivelapserate:Inthislayertemperaturedecreaseswith
increasingaltitude
✔Negativelapserate:Inthislayertemperatureincreaseswith
increasingaltitude

37. 1. Troposphere
▪70%massofatmosphereiscontainedintroposphere
▪Itisthelowestandthinnestlayer:16kmatequator,8kmatpoles
▪ExtendsfromthesurfaceoftheEarthtoabout10-12km
▪Temperaturedecreaseswithheight(positivelapserate)
▪Mixingoftheairmoleculesduetotheirconstantmovement(winds)
keepsthecompositionofthegasesmoreorlesssamethroughoutthe
layer.
▪Densityofairdecreasesexponentiallywithincreasingaltitude.
▪Wherealltheweatheroccurs
▪Inherentlyunstable
Tropopauseisatthetopofthetroposphere,whichisatransitionlayer
betweenTroposphereandStratosphere.

38. 2. Stratosphere
▪Regionabovethetropopause.
▪Extendsupto50kmabovetheground.
▪Negativelapserate.
▪Temperatureincreaseupto0degree
▪Ozonelayerliesinthestratosphere
▪Ozoneservesasashieldtoprotectthe
earthfromsolarU.Vradiations.
▪Stratopause:regionimmediatelyabove
thestratospherewhichissecond
transitionallayerbetweenstratosphere
andmesosphereandrelativelywarm.

39. 3. Mesosphere
▪Mesosphere:Coldestlayer
✔Extendsupto80kmabovethe
ground
✔Positivelapserate–temperature
decreaseswithheight
✔TempisMinus80degreeattop
✔Meso-pause:Top ofthe
mesosphere,whichisatransition
layerbetweenMesosphereand
Thermosphere.

40. 4. Thermosphere
▪Thermosphere:Hottestlayer
✔Fourthlayerintheatmosphere,between
80kmand110kmabovetheEarth.
✔Negativelapserate–temperaturerises
veryrapidlywithincreasingaltitude
✔Regioncharacterisedbylowpressure
andlowdensity
✔Inthisregionatmosphericgasesabsorb
thesolarradiationsintheultraviolet
regionandundergoionisation

41. Components of Environment –Lithosphere

42. Lithosphere
▪Lithosphere:ItcomesfromtheancientGreek“lithos”whichmeans
stoneand“sphaira”whichmeanssphere.Thelithosphereisthesolid,
rockycrustcoveringentireplanet.
▪Asaresultofthegeologicalprocessesoccurringinnature,therocks
disintegratecontinuouslyandformulationofsoiltakesplacegradually.
Thiscrustisinorganicandiscomposedofminerals.Itcoverstheentire
surfaceoftheearthfromthetopofMountEveresttothebottomofthe
MarianaTrench.
▪IntheEarth,thelithosphereincludesthecrustandtheuppermost
mantle,whichconstitutethehardandrigidouterlayeroftheEarth.

43. Hydrosphere
✔Itincludesallsurfaceandgroundwaterresources–oceans,
rivers,streams,lakes,reservoirs,glaciers,polaricecaps,ground
water.
✔EarthisknownasBlueplanet,Why?
✔TotalareacoveredbywateronEarthsurfaceis70.8%
✔Hydrospherecontainsabout1360millioncubickmofwater.

44. Earth’s Water

45. Biosphere
•Itistheregionoftheearthwherelifeexists.
•Collectivelycoverstheportionof
atmosphere,lithosphereandhydrosphere
whichsupportsallthelifeforms
•Extendsfromabout10,000mbelowsea-
levelto6000mabovesea-level
•Coversentirelivingorganisms,their
interactionswitheachotherandwith
environment
•Lifesustainingresourceslikefood,water&
oxygenpresentinthebiospherearebeing
withdrawnandwasteproductsinincreasing
quantitiesarebeingdumped.

46. ▪Energy is fundamental to the quality of our lives.
▪Nowadays,wearetotallydependentonanabundant
anduninterruptedsupplyofenergyforlivingand
working.
▪Itisakeyingredientinallsectorsofmodern
economies.
Energy

47. Why do we need energy?
•Industrial
•Transportation
•Domestic
•Heating homes
•Cooking
•Power the machinery used for
agriculture, industry/business
etc.
•What else?
MajorInputforthe
economicdevelopment
ofcountry

48. ▪The consumption of Energy is increasing at a fast pace
while available resources remain limited
▪The global need for energy is increasing on an average
of about 1.5% every year
▪Out ofthattotalamount ofprimaryenergy,
around80% comes from fossil fuels.
▪Energyconsumptionhassignificantimpacton
natural environment.
▪Climate change is caused by human activity, mostly related
to the use of energy.
Energy and Environment

49. Types of Energy
•Primary and Secondary Energy
•Renewable and Non-Renewable Energy

50. Primary Energy
•Extracted or captured directly from natural resources
Primary Energy
Renewable (16%)
✔Solar
✔Wind
✔Geothermal
✔Tidal
✔Biomass
Non-renewable (84%) (With Finite supply)
✔Fossil Fuels:
•Crude oil and its products
•Coal
•Natural gas
✔Nuclear Fuel
✔Water or Hydroelectric
The primary energy content of fuels: Toe (tonne of oil equivalent)
1 toe = 10 ×10
6
kCal = 11630 kWh = 41870 MJ

51. 7
Renewable Energy
✔Obtained from natural sources
✔Inexhaustible
✔Can be harnessed without the
release of harmful pollutants
Non-renewable Energy
✔Naturalresourceswhichcan
not beproduced,grown,
replenished
✔Exist in a fixed amount
✔Will deplete with time

52. Important Nonrenewable/Renewable Energy Sources

53. Secondary Energy
Non energy use
✔Coal or Natural Gas : as feedstock in Fertilizer plants
Primary energy is transformed into more convenient forms of
energy such as electricity steam etc. These are called se3condary
energy.
Examples: Coal, oil or gas converted into steam and electricity

54. Electricity is not an energy source, converted from another
source (coal, hydro, nuclear, etc.).
CONVERSION OF STEAM INTO ELECTRICITY

55. Major Primary and Secondary Sources

56. Energy Resources
▪The world's energy resources can be divided into…
✔Fossil fuel
A fuel derived from biological material that became fossilized
millions of years ago
✔Nuclear fuel
Fuel derived from radioactive materials that give off energy.
✔Renewable resources
▪The estimates for the amount of energy in these resources is
given in zettajoules (ZJ), which is 10
21
joules.

57. Energy Resources
1Fossil fuel
1.Coal
2.Oil
3.Gas
2Nuclear fuel
1.Nuclear energy
2.Nuclear fusion
3Renewable resources
1.Solar energy
2.Wind energy
3.Wave and tidal energy
4.Geothermal energy
5.Biomass
6.Hydropower

58. Major Sources of Energy, Do we use?
Oil,coalandpeat,
andnaturalgasare
themajor
sourcesofenergyfor
theworld.
Aboutthree-quartersofthe
world’scommercial
energy comes from
nonrenewablefossilfuels
andtherestcomesfrom
nonrenewablenuclearfuel
andrenewablesources.

59. Energy scenario at India
▪Indiaisaseventhlargestcountryandhaveapopulationof1.2billion
people.
▪Indiaisthefourth-largestenergyconsumerintheworld,trailingonly
theUnitedStates,China,andRussia
▪By‘energyproblem’wemeantheproblemofprovidingfuelsorenergy
initsvariousformsatreasonablecosttothosewhoneedthem,
wherevertheyare.
▪Atpresent,Indiafacesanenergyshortageof10percentandapeak
loadshortageof13.4percent.
▪Inordertomeetthatdemand,ourpowergenerationcapacitywould
havetoincreasemorethansixtimesby2032.

60. Present Scenario of Environment
❖Excessiveconsumptionofnaturalresources:
ThelatestWWF(WorldWideFundforNature)reportonstateof
world’secologysaysthat“Humansareconsuming20%morenatural
resourcesthantheearth’sbiologicalcapacitytoproducethem”.
❖Higherresourcesdemand:
AccordingtotheLivingPlanetreport2002,“Humanityhasbeen
runninganecologicaldeficitsincethe1980s,andifthepresenttrend
continues,by2050,tosustainthehumanity,wewouldbeneeding
resourcesequaltotwoearths.

61. Scenario -India
TheimportantaspectsofenvironmentalscenarioinIndiaare
highlightedas:
▪PopulationExplosion-VeryHighRateofPopulationGrowth
▪WaterPollution
•DischargeofIndustrialWastewithhighorganiccontentinthe
riverwater
•DischargeofHotIndustrialWasteintheriverwater
▪AirPollution
▪LandPollution&GroundWaterContamination
▪Deforestation

62. Current Environmental Issues
1.Pollution
2.Global Warming
3.Population Explosion
4.Natural Resources Depletion
5.Waste Disposal
6.Climate change
7.Loss of bio diversity
8.Deforestation
9. Acidification of Oceans
10. Ozone layer depletion
11. Acid rain
12. Public health issues

63. Global Warming
▪GlobalWarmingisphenomenonwheretheearthsaverage
temperaturerisesduetoincreasedamountofgreenhouse
gases.
▪Greenhousegasessuchascarbondioxide,methane,Nitrous
oxideandozonetraptheincomingradiationfromthesun.

64. Green House Effect

66. Global Green House Gas Emission

67. Effects of Greenhouse

68. Control of Greenhouse Effect

69. Climate Change

70. Climate Change
▪Climateistheaveragedailyweatherforanextendedperiodoftimeatacertainlocation.
▪Weatherreflectsshorttermconditionsoftheatmosphere,itcanchangefromminute-to-
minute,hour-to-hour,day-to-dayandseason-to-season.
▪Unlike“weather”whichmeanstemperature,rainfall,humidityofaparticulartimeatalocal
area,“climate”hasspatialandtemporal
▪Climatechangeisthechangeinourweatherpatternsthatareoccurringbecauseofanincrease
intheearthsaveragetemperature.
▪Itmayresultfrombothhumanaswellasmanamadeactivities.

72. Causes of Climate change
Anthropogenic
Emission of GHG
Deforestation
Increase in volume
of vehicles
Industries
Natural
Forest Fire
Volcanic Eruption
Methane Emission
from Animal
Ocean Currents
Solar Cycle

73. Effects of Climate Change

78. Atmospheric Chemistry and Ozone Depletion

79. Formation of Ozone

80. Deformation of ozone

83. Effects of Ozone Depletion
•UVradiationreachingtheearth.Itaffects
DNAandphotosyntheticchemicals.Any
changesinmutationandcancer.Casesof
skincancer.
•EasyabsorptionofUVraysbythelensand
corneaofeyewillresultinincreasein
incidentsofcataract.
•Melaninproducingcellsoftheepidermis
(importantforimmunesystem)willbe
destroyedbyUV-raysresultinginimmune
suppression.

84. •Phytoplankton'saresensitivetoUV
exposure.It’sresultindecreaseintheir
populationtherebyaffectingthepopulation
ofzooplankton,fish,marineanimals,infact
thewholeaquaticfoodchain.
•Yieldofvitalcropslikecorn,rice,
soyabean,cotton,beanandwheatwill
decrease.
•Degradationofpaintsandotherpolymer
materialwillresultineconomiclossdueto
effectsofUVradiations.

85. Protection of Ozone Layer

86. Why do we need to study the State of Environment?
⮚Theneedforinformationthatclarifiesmodernenvironmental
conceptssuchas
▪theneedtoconservebiodiversity,
▪theneedtoleadmoresustainablelifestyles
▪theneedtouseresourcesmoreequitably.

87. Biodiversity
❖Biodiversity:Thepartofnature
whichincludesthedifferencesin
genesamongtheindividualsofa
species,thevarietyandrichnessof
alltheplantandanimalspeciesat
differentscalesinspace
❖i.e.Local,regional,countrywise
andglobal,andvarioustypesof
ecosystems-bothterrestrialand
aquatic-withinadefinedarea.

88. Causes of Biodiversity Loss:
The major direct causes of human induced
biodiversity loss are:
1.land-use change (the fragmentation,
degradation or loss of habitats)
2.Pollution (air and water)
3.The over-exploitation of natural
resources
4.The introduction of non-native (alien or
exotic species)
5.Climate change-induced biodiversity)

93. Backpacker’s Motto
Thank
You !!