UNIT-1 Internet of things cover sensor.pptx

cover sensor and some part of robotics.

1. UNIT-I INTERNET OF THINGS (IOT)

2. CONTENTS : Introduction to Internet of Things, Sensors, their types and features, IoT components: layers, Smart Cities, Industrial Internet of Things.

3. WHAT IS IoT Kevin Ashton, in a presentation of Proctor & Gamble in 1999, coined the term “Internet of Things”. IoT is nothing but accessing things from remote end using either Smart phone or Computer. Goal is to extend internet connectivity from standard devices like computer, mobile, tablet to relatively dumb devices like a toaster. The Internet of Things (IoT) refers to a system of interrelated, internet-connected objects that are able to collect and transfer data over a wireless network without human intervention. The Internet of things describes the network of physical objects—“things”—that are embedded with sensors, software, and other technologies for the purpose of connecting and exchanging data with other devices and systems over the Internet. It enables devices to interact, collaborate and, learn from each other’s experiences just like humans do.

4. IoT: How it works? An IoT system consists of sensors/devices which “talk” to the cloud through some kind of connectivity. Once the data gets to the cloud, software processes it and then might decide to perform an action, such as sending an alert or automatically adjusting the sensors/devices without the need for the user.

5. Smart Home security systems Smart Wearables health monitors IoT in agriculture Smart Speakers (Amazon Echo Dot: Alexa, Google Assistant) Smart Smoke Detectors Air Quality Sensors Smart Fire Extinguishers Flood Alert Sensors Smart Cities Smart Door Locks Soil monitoring Smart Farming equipment Smart factory equipment

6. Advantages of IoT : ❖ Minimize human effort: As the devices of IoT interact and communicate with each other and do lot of task for us, then they minimize the human effort. ❖ Save time: As it reduces the human effort then it definitely saves out time. Time is the primary factor which can save through IoT platform. ❖ Improve security: Now, if we have a system that all these things are interconnected then we can make the system more secure and efficient. ❖ Money: The financial aspect is the best advantage. This technology could replace humans who are in charge of monitoring and maintaining supplies.

7. Disadvantages of IoT : ❖ Complexity: The designing, developing, and maintaining and enabling the large technology to IoT system is quite complicated. ❖ Privacy: Privacy is a big issue with IoT. All the data must be encrypted. Even without the active participation on the user, the IoT system provides substantial personal data in maximum detail. ❖ Security: There is a chance that the software can be hacked and your personal information misused. It can be lead the various kinds of network attacks. Data breaches are extremely stressful ❖ Compatibility: As of now, there is no standard for tagging and monitoring with sensors. A uniform concept like the USB or Bluetooth is required which should not be that difficult to do.

8. IoT Sensors Sensors are devices that convert a physical parameter or condition into a signal that can be measured electrically. Once converted to an electrical signal, it can be easily analyzed , multiplied and used for control. Thus Sensors form an inseparable part of measuring and providing effective measurement and control for automation. An IoT Sensor is a device that captures real-world data and translates it into a piece of information that could be interpreted by other instruments. As the name suggests, sensors react to stimuli —be it a change in sound, temperature, electric current, or a different property. Hence a sensor in an IoT system senses the desired physical quantity and converts it into an electrical signal transmitted to the central cloud-based server directly or via an on-site micro controller.

9. Transducer : A transducer converts a signal from one physical structure to another. It converts one type of energy into another type. It might be used as actuator in various systems.

10. Features of Sensors: 1. Range: It is the minimum and maximum value of physical variable that the sensor can sense or measure. 2. Accuracy: It shows how close the output of the sensor is to the expected value. 3. Sensitivity : It is the ratio of change in output to change in input. 4. Resolution: It is the minimum change in input that can be sensed by the sensor. 5. Repeatability: It is defined as the ability of sensor to produce the same output every time when the same input is applied and all the physical and measurement conditions kept the same. 6. Response Time: It is generally expressed as the time at which the output reaches a certain percentage (for instance, 95%) of its final value, in response to a step change of the input.

11. Types: All types of sensors are basically classified into Analog and Digital Sensors but below sensors are used frequently in IoT Devices. Electrical sensor: Electrical proximity sensors may be contact or non-contact. Simple contact sensors operate by making the sensor and the component complete an electrical circuit. Non-contact electrical proximity sensors rely on the electrical principles of either induction for detecting metals or capacitance for detecting non-metals as well. Light sensor: Light sensor is also known as photo sensors and one of the important sensor. Light dependent resistor or LDR is a simple light sensor available today. The property of LDR is that its resistance is inversely proportional to the intensity of the ambient light i.e when the intensity of light increases, it's resistance decreases and vise -versa.

12. Touch sensor: Detection of something like a touch of finger or a stylus is known as touch sensor. It's name suggests that detection of something. They are classified into two types: ▪ Resistive type ▪ Capacitive type Today almost all modern touch sensors are of capacitive types. Because they are more accurate and have better signal to noise ratio.

13. Range sensing: Range sensing concerns detecting how near or far a component is from the sensing position, although they can also be used as proximity sensors. Distance or range sensors use non-contact analog techniques. Short range sensing, between a few millimetres and a few hundred millimetres is carried out using electrical capacitance, inductance and magnetic technique. Longer range sensing is carried out using transmitted energy waves of various types eg radio waves, sound waves and lasers. Mechanical sensor: Any suitable mechanical /electrical switch may be adopted but because a certain amount of force is required to operate a mechanical switch it is common to use micro-switches.

14. Pneumatic sensor: These proximity sensors operate by breaking or disturbing an air flow. The pneumatic proximity sensor is an example of a contact type sensor. These cannot be used where light components may be blown away. Optical sensor: In there simplest form, optical proximity sensors operate by breaking a light beam which falls onto a light sensitive device such as a photocell. These are examples of non-contact sensors. Care must be exercised with the lighting environment of these sensors for example optical sensors can be blinded by flashes from arc welding processes, airborne dust and smoke clouds may impede light transmission etc.

15. Speed Sensor: Sensor used for detecting the speed of any object or vehicle which is in motion is known as speed sensor. For example - Wind Speed Sensors, Speedometer , UDAR , Ground Speed Radar. Temperature Sensor: Devices which monitors and tracks the temperature and gives temperature's measurement as an electrical signal are termed as temperature sensors. These electrical signals will be in the form of voltage and is directly proportional to the temperature measurement.

16. PIR Sensor: PIR stands for passive infrared sensor and it is an electronic sensor that is used for the tracking and measurement of infrared (IR) light radiating from objects in its field of view and is also known as Pyroelectric sensor. It is mainly used for detecting human motion and movement detection. Ultrasonic Sensor: The principle of ultrasonic sensor is similar to the working principle of SONAR or RADAR in which the interpretation of echoes from radio or sound waves to evaluate the attributes of a target by generating the high frequency sound waves.

17. Sensors/Devices: The main components that complete connectivity layer are sensors and devices. Sensors collect the information from the surrounding environment and send it off to the next layer where it is being processed. 2. Gateway: Gateway enables easy management of data traffic flowing between protocols and networks. On the other hand, it also translates the network protocols and makes sure that the devices and sensors are connected properly. It can also work to pre-process the data from sensors and send them off to next level if it is configured accordingly. it gives proper encryption with the network flow and data transmission. The data flowed through it is in the higher order that is protected by using latest encryption techniques. You can assume it like an extra layer between the cloud and devices that filter away the attack and illegal network access.

18. 3. Cloud: With the help of internet of things ecosystem, companies are able to collect bulk data from the devices and applications. There are various tools that are used for the purpose of data collection that can collect, process, handle and store the data efficiently in real time. They can also access their data remotely. 4. Analytics: The analog data of devices and sensors are converted into a format that is easy to read and analyze . The big companies collect the data in bulk and analyze it to see the future opportunity so that they can easily develop more business advancement and gain something out of it. Data may be a small word but it holds the power to make or break the business if used correctly.

19. 5. User Interface: The user interface is the visible component that is easily accessible and in control of the IoT user. This is where a user can control the system and set their preferences. It is important for the developer to create a user-friendly interface that could be accessed without putting any extra efforts in it and that can help in easy interaction. IoT Layers Architecture: IoT architecture is a framework that specifies the physical elements, network technical arrangement and setup, operating procedures, and data formats to be used. IoT architecture can differ greatly based on execution; it must be flexible enough for open protocols to handle many network applications.

20. 3 layer IoT architecture : A three-layer architecture is the common and generally known structure. It was first used in the initial phases of this IoT study. It indicates three levels: perception, network, and application. 1. Perception Layer : This perception layer is the IoT architecture's physical layer. In these sensors and embedded systems are used mainly. These collect large amounts of data based on the requirements. This also includes edge devices, sensors, and actuators that communicate with the surroundings. It detects certain spatial parameters or detects other intelligent things /objects in the surroundings.

21. 2. Network Layer : The data obtained by these devices must be distributed and stored. This is the responsibility of the network layer. It binds these intelligent objects to other intelligent/ smart objects. It is also in charge of data transfer. The network layer is in-charge of linking smart objects, network devices, and servers. It is also used to distribute and analyze sensor data. 3. Application Layer : The user communicates with this application layer. It is in-charge of providing the customer with software resources. Example: in smart home application, where users press a button in the app to switch on a coffee machine, for example. The application layer is in-charge of providing the customer with application-specific resources. It specifies different uses for the IoT, such as smart houses, smart cities, and smart health.

22. 5 Layer Architecture of IoT: 1. Perception Layer This is the first layer of IoT architecture. In the perception layer, a number of sensors and actuators are used to gather useful information like temperature, moisture content, intruder detection, sounds, etc. The main function of this layer is to get information from surroundings and to pass data to another layer so that some actions can be done based on that information. 2. Network Layer As the name suggests, it is the connecting layer between perception and middleware layer. It gets data from perception layer and passes data to middleware layer using networking technologies like 3G, 4G, UTMS, Wifi , infrared, etc. This is also called communication layer because it is responsible for communication between perception and middleware layer. All the transfer of data done securely keeping the obtained data confidential.

23. 3. Middleware Layer Middleware Layer has some advanced features like storage, computation, processing, action taking capabilities. It stores all data-set and based on the device address and name it gives appropriate data to that device. It can also take decisions based on calculations done on data-set obtained from sensors. 4. Application Layer The application layer manages all application process based on information obtained from middleware layer. This application involves sending emails, activating alarm, security system, turn on or off a device, smartwatch, smart agriculture, etc. 5. Business Layer The success of any device does not depend only on technologies used in it but also how it is being delivered to its consumers. Business layer does these tasks for the device. It involves making flowcharts, graphs, analysis of results, and how device can be improved, etc.

24. 7 Layer Architecture of IoT: 1. Physical Layer The physical layer forms the foundation of the IoT infrastructure. It consists of the physical devices and sensors that collect data from the physical world. These devices can range from simple sensors to complex machines and appliances. The physical layer is responsible for capturing and transmitting data to the next layer, enabling the IoT network to function. 2. Data Link Layer The data link layer is responsible for establishing and maintaining reliable communication between devices within a local network. It ensures that data packets are transmitted accurately and efficiently, using protocols such as Wi-Fi, Ethernet, or Bluetooth. This layer also handles error detection and correction, ensuring the integrity of the data being transmitted.

25. 3. Network Layer The network layer is responsible for routing data packets across different networks. It determines the most efficient path for data transmission, taking into account factors such as network congestion and device availability. This layer uses protocols like IP (Internet Protocol) to enable communication between devices connected to different networks. 4. Transport Layer The transport layer is responsible for ensuring reliable and efficient data transfer between devices. It breaks down large data packets into smaller, manageable chunks and reassembles them at the receiving end. This layer also handles error recovery and flow control, optimizing data transmission for the best possible performance .

26. 5. Session Layer The session layer establishes and manages communication sessions between devices. It allows devices to establish connections, exchange data, and terminate connections when the communication is complete. This layer also handles security and authentication, ensuring that only authorized devices can access the IoT network. 6. Presentation Layer The presentation layer is responsible for formatting and translating data into a format that can be easily understood by the receiving device. It handles tasks such as data encryption, compression, and data representation, ensuring that data is presented in a consistent and meaningful manner. 7. Application Layer The application layer is the topmost layer of the IoT architecture. It provides the interface for end users to interact with the IoT system. This layer includes applications and services that enable users to control and monitor connected devices, access data, and perform various tasks.

27. Examples of applications at this layer include smart home apps, industrial automation software, and healthcare monitoring systems.

28. Smart Cities: In general, a smart city is a city that uses technology to provide services and solve city problems. A smart city does things like improve transportation and accessibility, improve social services, promote sustainability, and give its citizens a voice. The main goals of a smart city are to improve : Public Transportation IT-connectivity Water Management Power Supply Sanitation Waste management Urban mobility E-governance Citizen participation

29. How a smart city works: Smart cities use a combination of the internet of things (IoT) devices, software solutions, user interfaces (UI) and communication networks. However, they rely first and foremost on the IoT. Smart cities utilize their web of connected IoT devices and other technologies to achieve their goals of improving the quality of life and achieving economic growth. Successful smart cities follow four steps: 1. Collection - Smart sensors throughout the city gather data in real time. 2. Analysis - Data collected by the smart sensors is assessed in order to draw meaningful insights. 3. Communication - The insights that have been found in the analysis phase are communicated with decision makers through strong communication networks. 4. Action - Cities use the insights pulled from the data to create solutions, optimize operations and asset management and improve the quality of life for residents.

30. Cities uses tool to collect data in real time about all kinds of things, including traffic, air and water quality, and solar radiation. With this information, the government can act immediately to solve nearly any problem. Smart City technologies: Application programming interfaces (APIs) Artificial intelligence (AI) Cloud computing Dashboards Machine learning (ML) Machine to machine (M2M) Mesh network

31. Top Examples of Smart Cities: New York City, New York Singapore Barcelona, Spain Tokyo, Japan London, England Dubai, United Arab Emirates Hong Kong, China

32. Concept of smart city: 1. Smart People: Concept: The concept of smart people involves leveraging technology and data to empower and engage citizens, enhancing their overall quality of life. Examples: Education Apps and Platforms: Implementing smart education systems that utilize digital platforms, online courses, and educational apps to provide accessible and personalized learning experiences. Healthcare Wearables: Using wearable devices and mobile health applications for health monitoring and personalized healthcare solutions, promoting a healthier lifestyle. Community Engagement Platforms : Utilizing digital platforms for citizen engagement, allowing residents to participate in decision-making processes and provide feedback on city initiatives.

33. 2. Smart Economy: Concept: The smart economy concept focuses on fostering economic growth by integrating technology and innovation into business practices, supporting entrepreneurship, and creating job opportunities. Examples: Innovation Hubs: Establishing innovation and technology hubs that bring together startups, researchers, and businesses to drive economic growth through the development of new technologies. Digital Payment Systems: Implementing smart payment solutions, including digital wallets and contactless payment options, to facilitate seamless and secure financial transactions. Economic Analytics: Using data analytics to understand economic trends, optimize resource allocation, and attract investments by providing insights into the business ecosystem.

34. 3. Smart Governance: Concept: Smart governance involves the use of digital technologies to enhance administrative efficiency, transparency, and citizen participation in decision-making processes. Examples: E-Governance Platforms: Implementing online platforms for government services, allowing citizens to access information, apply for permits, and participate in public consultations. Open Data Initiatives: Making government data publicly available to promote transparency and enable data-driven decision-making. Blockchain for Security: Utilizing blockchain technology for secure and transparent transactions, reducing fraud and enhancing the integrity of government processes.

35. 4. Smart Mobility: Concept: Smart mobility focuses on optimizing transportation systems, reducing congestion, and promoting sustainable modes of transportation through the integration of technology. Examples: Intelligent Traffic Management: Implementing smart traffic lights, real-time traffic monitoring, and adaptive signal control to optimize traffic flow and reduce congestion. Public Transit Apps: Developing mobile apps for public transportation that provide real-time schedules, route planning, and fare information to enhance the convenience of public transit. Electric and Autonomous Vehicles: Promoting the use of electric and autonomous vehicles to reduce emissions and improve overall transportation efficiency.

36. 5. Smart Environment: Concept: The smart environment concept focuses on implementing sustainable practices, monitoring environmental conditions, and reducing the environmental impact of urban activities. Examples: Smart Waste Management: Using sensors and IoT devices to optimize waste collection routes, reduce littering, and promote recycling. Green Building Technologies: Implementing energy-efficient building designs, renewable energy sources, and smart technologies to minimize the environmental footprint of construction.

37. IIoT (Industrial Internet of Things): The industrial internet of things ( IIoT ) refers to the extension and use of the internet of things (IoT) in industrial sectors and applications. With a strong focus on machine-to-machine (M2M) communication, big data, and machine learning, the IIoT enables industries and enterprises to have better efficiency and reliability in their operations. The IIoT encompasses industrial applications, including robotics, medical devices, and software-defined production processes. How does Industrial IIoT works? Industrial IoT is a system includes smart sensors, machines, tools, software platforms, cloud servers and applications. Smart sensors are deployed at every stages of manufacturing floor for specific applications. These sensor networks continuously send data to the IoT gateway (act as a hub between IoT devices and cloud) which receive and transmit the data to the cloud application server for processing and analysis.

38. Why is IIoT important? In addition to the many transformational improvements IIoT makes in terms of operational efficiency and performance, there are several other reasons it's important, including the following: • Real-time monitoring. To ensure that manufacturing and other industrial systems are performing properly, it's essential to monitor them in real time. Monitoring can flag components that might be underperforming and trigger preventive maintenance. • Data collection and analysis. IIoT devices collect and analyze a large amount of data that can identify ways to improve performance, better manage inventory and energy use, and provide insights for better decision-making.

39. • Health and safety. These devices can identify working conditions that might be potentially hazardous to employees' health and safety. IIoT data can be instrumental in improving overall environment management and sustainability activities by identifying conditions potentially damaging to the environment. • Supply chain management. IIoT technology contributes to supply chain optimization. It can track assets and inventory, transportation of supplies and finished goods, and identify situations that could disrupt logistics.

40. Applications of Industrial Internet of Things: 1. Industrial Automation: Automation of machines and tools enables companies to operate in an efficient way and improves accuracy, efficiency; reduces errors, easy to control and remotely accessible via applications. Machines can operate at harsh environments than humans; automation of machines and tools reduces man power requirements for specific tasks. 2. Smart Robotics: Many companies are developing intelligent robotics system for IoT-enabled factories. Smart robotics ensures smooth handling of tools and materials in the manufacturing line with precise accuracy and efficiency.

41. Robots can be programmed to perform complex tasks with high end embedded sensors for real-time analysis. These robotics networks are connected to a secure cloud for monitoring and controlling. Engineering team can access and analyze this data to take quick actions for product improvements or preventing an unexpected failure due to machine fault. 3. Predictive Maintenance: Modern industrial machines equipped with smart sensors continuously monitoring the status of each major components and it can detect any critical issues before the system is completely down. Smart sensors will trigger maintenance warning to the centralized system and the alert messages will be delivered to responsible persons/groups.

42. 4. Integration of Smart Tools / Wearables: Integration of smart sensors to tools and machines enables the workforce to perform the task with improved accuracy and efficiency. Specially designed wearables and smart glass helps employees to reduce error and improve safety at the working environments. Smart wearables can trigger instant warning messages to employees during emergency situations like gas leak or fire. Wearables can monitor health condition of individuals continuously and feedback if not fit for particular task. 5. Smart Logistics Management: Retail giants like Amazon using drones to deliver goods to their customers. Advanced technologies like drones offer better efficiency; accessibility, speed and it require less manpower. Airline is another major industry, which uses IoT for its daily operations at the production and predictive maintenance of airplanes in service.

43. Smart sensors continuously monitor airplane’s machineries, the data is collected real-time and send to the airplane manufacturer. Maintenance of any part of an airplane will be triggered, concerned team will be informed and maintenance will be carried out once the plane is landed without any delay. 6. Smart Package Management: Package management using IoT technology gives lot of convenience and efficiency for manufacturing units. Smart sensors can monitor each stages of packing and update status in real time manner. Embedded sensors can detect vibrations, atmospheric conditions like temperature and humidity etc… and feedback if something goes wrong during transit or storage.

44. 7. Enhanced Quality and Security: Introduction of IoT technology in to manufacturing offers enhanced product quality. Continuous monitoring and analysis of each stages ensure better quality by improving process steps for optimum quality. 8. Power Management: IoT can offer better solutions for power management in industries. Specific sensors can detect environment and trigger to turn on/off control of lights, air conditioners, humidity controls, liquid flow etc. for efficient power management.

45. Which industries are using IIoT ? Many industries use IIoT , including the following: • Automotive. IIoT is used to proactively maintain the industrial robot systems the automotive industry uses. It can spot potential problems before they can disrupt production. The industry also uses IIoT devices to collect data from customer systems, sending it to the company's systems. That data is then used to identify potential maintenance issues. • Agriculture. Industrial sensors collect data about soil nutrients, moisture and other variables, helping farmers optimize crop production. • Oil and gas. Some oil companies maintain a fleet of autonomous aircraft that use visual and thermal imaging to detect potential pipeline problems. This information is combined with data from other types of sensors to ensure safe operations. • Utilities. IIoT is used in electric, water and gas metering, as well as for the remote monitoring of industrial utilities equipment such as transformers.

46. Key Benefits of IIoT : IIoT devices used in the manufacturing industry offer the following benefits: ❖ Predictive maintenance. Organizations can use real-time data generated from IIoT systems to predict when a machine needs to be serviced. That way, the necessary maintenance can be performed before a failure occurs. This can be especially beneficial on a production line, where the failure of a machine might result in a work stoppage and huge costs. By proactively addressing maintenance issues, an organization can achieve better operational efficiency. ❖ More efficient field service. IIoT technologies help field service technicians identify potential issues in customer equipment before they become major issues, enabling techs to fix the problems before they affect customers. These technologies also provide field service technicians with information about which parts they need to make a repair. This ensures technicians have the necessary parts with them when making a service call.

47. ❖ Asset tracking. Suppliers, manufacturers and customers can use asset management systems to track the location, status and condition of products throughout the supply chain. The system sends instant alerts to stakeholders if the goods are damaged or at risk of being damaged, giving them a chance to take immediate or preventive action to remedy the situation. ❖ Increased customer satisfaction. When products are connected to IoT, the manufacturer can capture and analyze data about how customers use their products, enabling manufacturers and product designers to build more customer-centric product roadmaps. ❖ Improved facility management. Manufacturing equipment is susceptible to wear and tear, which can be exacerbated by certain conditions in a factory. Sensors can monitor vibrations, temperature and other factors that could lead to suboptimal operating conditions.

48. Increased efficiency Cost savings Time savings Enhanced industrial safety Improved and intelligent connectivity between devices or machines Improved accuracy Product and process optimization Predictive maintenance and analysis Remote accessibility and monitoring Enhanced security Scalability of network Reduced down time for machines and process Power savings

49. What is the difference between IoT and IIoT ? The internet of things and IIoT have many technologies in common, including cloud platforms, sensors, connectivity, machine-to-machine communications and data analytics. However, they're also used for different purposes. IoT systems connect devices across multiple verticals, including agriculture, healthcare, enterprise, consumer, utilities, government and cities. IoT technology includes smart devices, fitness bands, home appliances and other applications that generally don't create emergency situations if something goes amiss. IIoT applications, on the other hand, connect machines and devices in sectors such as oil and gas, utilities and manufacturing. System failures and downtime in IIoT deployments can result in high risk or life-threatening situations. IIoT applications are also more concerned with improving efficiency, health or safety versus the user-centric nature of IoT applications.

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