unit 1 Introduction to Organic Farming.pptx

Organic farming is an agricultural approach that emphasizes the use of natural processes and materials to cultivate crops and raise livestock. It focuses on environmental sustainability, biodiversity, and the health of ecosystems. Organic farming avoids synthetic pesticides, fertilizers, genetically modified organisms (GMOs), antibiotics, and growth hormones. Instead, it relies on ecological processes, biodiversity, and naturally occurring inputs.

Key Principles of Organic Farming:
Soil Health: Organic farming places a strong emphasis on maintaining and improving soil fertility through practices like crop rotation, composting, and the use of organic fertilizers such as manure.

Biodiversity: Organic farmers encourage biodiversity by planting a variety of crops and promoting ecosystems that support beneficial organisms like pollinators and natural predators of pests.

Natural Pest Management: Instead of synthetic pesticides, organic farming uses natural methods like biological pest control, intercropping, and natural repellents to manage pest populations.

Animal Welfare: Livestock in organic farming systems are raised with a focus on natural behaviors, access to the outdoors, and organic feed, without the use of antibiotics or synthetic hormones.

Sustainability: Organic farming aims to reduce environmental impact by conserving water, reducing energy use, and minimizing pollution through methods like mulching, cover cropping, and water management.

Benefits of Organic Farming:
Healthier Soil: Organic farming promotes soil structure and fertility, which can lead to better water retention and resistance to erosion.
Biodiversity Support: By avoiding harmful chemicals, organic farming helps preserve habitats for various species, contributing to ecological balance.
Reduced Pollution: Since organic farming avoids chemical fertilizers and pesticides, it reduces soil, water, and air pollution.
Healthy Produce: Organic crops and livestock are free from synthetic chemicals and are often perceived as healthier due to their natural growing processes.
Challenges:
Lower Yields: Organic farming often produces lower yields compared to conventional farming, which can lead to higher prices for organic products.
Labor Intensive: Organic methods typically require more manual labor, such as weeding, pest control, and composting.
Certification Costs: Organic certification processes can be expensive and time-consuming, posing a barrier for small-scale farmers.

1. KONGUNADU COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY (Autonomous) Department of Agriculture Engineering Course: ORGANIC FARMING FOR SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION By Mr. M.Sundharan , Assistant Professor, Department of Agricultural Engineering, Kongunadu College of Engineering and Technology

2. Organic Farming for Sustainable Agricultural Production U N I T 1 : Introduction To Organic Farming

3. HISTORY OF FARMING 10,000 years ago agriculture started. Crop cultivation started with wheat, then barley, f o ll o w ed b y s o m e o f th e pu l s e s . Far m i n g s ys t em e x i s t ed a l on g w i t h c r o p a n d animal components. Cultivation was absolutely organic and subsistence type. Thereafter due to population growth it shifted to intensive type ( Maximisation of output) E n v i r on m e n t al a n d h ea lt h i ss u es Again shifting to organic agriculture . ORGANIC INORGANIC ORGANIC

4. What is Organic Farming? Organic farming is an ecological production management system that promotes and enhances biodiversity, biological cycles and soil biological activity. It is based on minimal use of off-farm inputs and on management practices that restore, maintain and enhance ecological harmony or Organic farming is a system which avoids or largely excludes the use of synthetic inputs (such as fertilizers, pesticides, hormones, feed additives etc) and to the maximum extent feasible rely upon crop rotations, crop residues, animal manures, off-farm organic waste, mineral grade rock additives and biological system of nutrient mobilization and plant protection .

5. Comparison of Pesticide Use in India and Worldwide

6. Effects of pesticides on human health They p os e a s end o cr i ne disruptors R e s p i r a t o ry tr a ct i rr i t a t i o n Pa rk i n s o n ’ s d i s e as e Asthma D epre ss i o n a nd a n x i ety Cancer, including leukaemia and No n - H o d g k i n l ym ph o m a A ttent io n def i c i t a nd h y per a ct i v i t y d i so rder

7. Conventional vs. Organic Farming

8. Products D o m e s t i c S al e s - tonnes Tea 1500 Coffee 750 Spices 500 Rice 5000 Jaggery, Sugar 6000 Wheat and Flour 3000 Pulses 2500 Fruits and Vegetables 5000 Millets flour 2000 Oils and Ghee 2000 Squashes, Jams 500 Snacks 500 Honey 2000 O t h e r s ( e ss e n t i al s ee d s , e t c .) 5000 Product E xp o r t s - tonnes Oil Crops (except Sesame) 17966 Cotton & Textiles 17363 Process Food 8752 Basmati Rice 5243 Tea 2928 Sesame 2409 Honey 2409 Rice 1634 Dry Fruits 1472 Cereals 1348 Spices-Condiments 1174 Medicinal & Herbal Plants/ Products 627 Cofee 320 Vegetables 167 So u r c e : S e c t i on R e s e a r c h , Y i B L R e s e a r c h , 20 1 Organic Food- Domestic sales and Exports

9. WHERE WE ARE NOW?

10. Future prospects Organic Farming has grown almost 25-30% per year during last 10 years In spite of recession fears, the growth of organic farming is going unaffected With the increasing awareness about the safety and quality of foods, long term sustainability of the system and accumulating evidences of being equally productive, the organic farming has emerged as an alternative system of farming which not only address the quality and sustainability concerns, but also ensures a debt free, profitable livelihood option

11. Or g a n i c f a r m i ng requ i res 30 % l e s s i n p ut c o s t 10 % m o re pr i ce f o r f i n a l pr o duce 90 % pr o duct i v i ty o f c o n v ent i o n a l a g r i cu l tu r e . Maintaining animals for compost provides additional income from milk. Organic farmer is more involved in the farming systems hence easily adopts milk farming like poultry, goatery, piggery etc. P r o p e r c o l l ec t i o n, v a l u e a d d i t i o n a n d m a rke t i ng o f t h i s e x t r a p r o d u ce wil l i n c r e a s e t he i n c o m e substantially. 80% farm holdings are small and marginal and resource poor. For them organic agricultural is attractive system. Why Organic Farming Suitable in India

12. Conversion to Organic Agriculture

13. Organic Farming for Sustainable Agricultural Production Lecture 03 : Organic Farming and its Components

14. ORGANIC FARMING Organic farming is an ecological production management system that promotes and enhances biodiversity, biological cycles and soil biological activity. It is based on minimal use of off-farm inputs and on management practices that restore, maintain and enhance ecological harmony or Organic farming is a system which avoids or largely excludes the use of synthetic inputs (such as fertilizers, pesticides, hormones, feed additives etc) and to the maximum extent feasible rely upon crop rotations, crop residues, animal manures, off-farm organic waste, mineral grade rock additives and biological system of nutrient mobilization and plant protection .

15. C om p o n e nts

16. 1. Crop rotation: It is a systematic arrangement for the growing of different crops in a more or loss regular sequence on the same land covering a period of two years or more. Soil fertility management, weed, insect and disease control. Legumes are essential in any rotation. 2. Crop Residue : Incorporation of crop residues e.g. Wheat and Rice straw, as such or inoculated with fungal species has beneficia effects on crop yields and improvement in physico-chemical properties of soil.

17. 3. Organic manure: a ) Bu l ky o r g a n i c m a nure: FYM: well-decomposed mixture of dung, urine, farm litter and left over or used up materials from roughages or fodder fed to the cattle . Compost: waste material like vegetable refuse, farm litter , such as weeds, stubble, bhusa, sugarcane trash, Sewage sludge and animal waste in houses and in areas like human and industrial refuse can be converted into useful compost manure by anaerobic decomposition . Green Manuring: practice of ploughing and incorporation of undercomposed green plant tissues for the purpose of improving physical structure as well as fertility of the soil. E x a m p l e s : S unh e m p , Dhaincha Clusterbean , Cowpea, Berseem Dhaincha F a r m y a r d m anu r e

18. b) Concentrated Organic Manure : Organic matter containing higher percentage of essential plant nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorous and po t a s h , a s c o m p ared t o bu l k y o r g a n i c m a nu re s . Made from raw materials of animal or plant origin. E x a m p l e s : o i l ca k e s , b l o o d m e a l , f i s h m ea l , m eat m eal a n d ho rn a n d hoo f m ea l . BLOOD MEAL BONE MEAL HOOF MEAL

19. c. Vermicompost: The organic manure produced by the activity of earthworms . The worms LIVE EAT EXCRETE They liv e i n the soil . Eat the biomass E x crete the va l u a b l e “ V er m i - c a s t” The c o m m o n w o rm s p ec i es a re E i s i n i a f o e ti d a , D en dro ba en a e spp .

20. 4. Biofertilizers: A Bio fertilizer (also bio-fertilizer ) is a substance which contains living microorganisms which, when applied to seeds, plant surfaces, or soil, colonize the rhizosphere or the interior of the plant and promotes growth by increasing the supply or a v a i l a b i l i t y o f p r i m ary nu t r i e n t s t o t h e ho s t p l a n t . T h ey h a v e t h e f o ll o w i n g a d v a n t a g e s : They help in establishment and growth of crop plants and trees. T h ey e nh a n ce b i o m a s s p r odu c t i o n a n d g ra i n y i e l d s b y 1 - 2 % . T h ey are u s e f u l i n s u s t a i n a b l e a g r i c u lt u re. T h ey are s u i t a b l e i n o r g a n i c f ar m i n g . They play an important role in Agroforestry / silvipastoral systems.

21. Types of Biofertilizers : There are two types of bio-fertilizers . S y m b i o t i c N -f i x a t i o n: Rhizobium: It colonizes the roots of specific legumes to form tumours like growths called root nodules. The Rhizobium legume association can fix up to 100-300 kg N/ha in one crop season. Mycorrhizae: Mycorrhizae are the symbiotic association of fungi with roots of Vascular plants. Asymbiotic N-fixation: .They grow on decomposing soil organic matter and produce nitrogen compounds for their own growth and development, besides that they leave behind a significant amount of N in surroundings. Azotobacter Azospirillium B l ue Gree n A l g a e Azolla ROOT NODULES B L U E G R E E N A L GA E M Y C O RR H I Z A

22. 5. Bio-pesticide: B i o - p e s t i c i d es are n a t u r a l p l a n t p r o du c t s t h a t belong to the so-called secondary metabolites, which include thousands of alkaloids , terpenoids, ph e no li cs a n d m i no r s ec ond ary c h e m i ca l s . f un c t i o n i n p ho t o syn t h e s i s , g r o w t h or T h e s e s ub s t a n ces h a v e u s u a l l y n o k no w n other basic aspects of plant physiology. • B o t a n i c a l i n s ec t i c i d es ar e e c o l o g i ca ll y a n d e n v i r on m e n t a ll y s a f er Examples: Nicotine, Pyrethrum, Rotenone, Subabilla, Ryanin, Quassia, Margosa, Acorus etc.

23. Organic Farming for Sustainable Agricultural Production L e c t u r e 4 : O r g a n i c F a r m i n g C o n c e p ts a n d P r i n c i p l e s

24. Why Organic Farming? Organic farming provides long-term benefits to people and the environment. Involves the steps of using the factor of going ‘green’ by using the fertilizers that are bio based to develop the crops Organic farming aims to: Increase long- term soil fertility Control pests and diseases without harming the environment Ensure that water stays clean and safe Use of existing resources, so the farmer needs less money to buy farm inputs Produce nutritious food, feed for animals and high quality crops to sell at a good price

25. Objectives of Organic Farming

26. C o n ce p t s Work as closely as possible in closed cycles and use local resources Preserve the natural fertility of the soil Avoid all forms of pollution that arise from farming practices Promote tillage practices that show most concern for the environment and Nature Produce foods of optimal nutritional value

27. Concepts Reduce the use of non-renewable resources in agriculture, including fossil fuels Work to ensure that the waste products from towns and food industries achieve a quality that allows their re-use as fertilisers in agriculture Provide all animals with living conditions that satisfy their natural behaviour patterns and needs Do everything possible to ensure that all living organisms that the farmer works with are allies, (be they micro-organisms, plants or animals).

28. Low External Input Technology (LEIT): The technology that concerns collection of crop management inputs and techniques for soil conservation, soil fertility enhancement, crop establishment, and pest control. The delineation of the technology may serve either a restrictive or integrative purpose. The restrictive interpretation promotes LEIT as a way of insulating framers from use of external inputs in the service of socio-economic and environmental ends. This promotes environmental sustainable small scale farming that emphasizes Low External Input Sustainable Agriculture (LEISA) or it promote active participation in the market by offering a distinctive, environmentally friendly brand such as Organic Agriculture. The integrative interpretation sees LEIT as an essential element in broad strategies of agricultural development. It incorporates LEIT along with appropriate external input in strategies such as integrated nutrient management and integrated pest management.

29. S o c ial C r i t er ia f or LE I S A Wide-spread and equitable adoption potential, especially among small farmers Reduced dependency on external institutions Enhanced food security at the family and national level Respecting and building on indigenous knowledge, beliefs and value systems C on t r i bu ti o n t o e m p l o y m e n t g e n era t i o n

30. USDA Concept Organic farming is a system which avoids or largely excludes the use of synthetic inputs (such as fertilizers, pesticides, hormones, feed additives etc) and to the maximum extent feasible rely upon crop rotations, crop residues, animal manures, off-farm organic waste, mineral grade rock additives and biological system of nutrient mobilization and plant protection FAO concept O r g a n i c a g r i c u l t u re i s a u n i q u e p r o d u c t i o n m a n a g e m e n t sys t em w h i ch p r o m o t es a n d e n h a n ces a g r o - ec o sys t em h e a l t h , i n c l u d i n g b i o d i v er s i t y , b i o l o g i cal c y c l es a n d s o i l b i o l o g i cal a c t i v i t y , a n d t h i s is accomplished by using on-farm agronomic, biological and mechanical methods in exclusion of all synthetic off-farm inputs. Philosophical concept Organic farming in spirits of organic relationship. In this system everything is connected with everything else. Different Concepts of Organic Farming

31. Organic Farming for Sustainable Agricultural Production Lecture 05: Organic Farming Concepts and Principles (Contd.)

32. Ecological Agriculture : Encompass the entire complex of physical, economic, social and cultural conditions which affect the growth and development of organic system. It matches the crop, soil and climate of a region for gaining economy and efficiency of input It reduces the pressure on land, water and biodiversity without adverse effect on agricultural production and nutritive value of food and maximising ecological production efficiency. Ecological balance is attained by use of organic inputs like compost, vermicompost, botanical and microbial pesticides and beneficial organisms. What is Organic Farming System?

33. Biodynamic Farming : A method of organic farming that emphasizes the holistic development and interrelationships of the soil, plants and animals as a self- sustaining system. It is based on systematic and synergistic harnessing energies from Cosmos; Mother Earth, Plants and Cow.

34. Panchagavya Farming: I t i s a s p ec i a l b i o e n h a n cer products p r e p ar e d obtained f r o m f i v e from cow du n g , u r i n e , m i l k , c u r d a n d g h ee . T h e s e a re s u i t a b l y m i x e d , i n c ub a t ed a n d u s e d . The preparation i s r i c h in nutrients, auxins, gibberellins, and microbial fauna and acts as tonic to enrich the soil, induce plant vigour with quality production

35. Rishi Krishi : In this system, rhizosphere soils beneath Banyan tree ( Ficus bengalensis ) is spread over the area and Amritpani, special bioinoculants prepared from cow dung, cow ghee, and honey is utilized for seed / seedling treatment, enrichment of soil by over head sprinkling and through irrigation water . Natural Farming: It consists of use of Bijamrut (cow dung, urine, lime, virgin soil) for seed/set/seedling treatment, followed by regular use of Jivamrut (cow dung, urine, jaggery, pulse flour, virgin soil) through irrigation water, coupled with mulching and proper soil aeration.

36. Homa Organic Farming A g n i ho t ra i s t h e b a s i c f i re i n H o m a T h era p y . I t is t h e s c i e n ce o f H ea l i n g t h e A t m o sp h e r e through pyramid fires to eliminate Pollution and Contamination and it should be practised exactly at S un r i s e a n d S un s et t i m e on l y . This farming neutralizes the negative energies and positive energies in the atmosphere. It is powerful bio-food for the plants that are rich in macro, micronutrients and rich in microbial population.

37. C y c li c a l P r i nc i p l e P rec a ut i o n a ry P r i nc i p l e N e a rne s s P r i nc i p l e Principle of Organic Farming CYCLICAL PRECAUTIONARY N E AR N E S S

38. Cyclical: Collaboration with Nature should be promoted through the establishment and build-up of a cyclical principle that ensures versatility, diversity and harmony, and the re-cycling and use of renewable resources. Precautionary: Known and well-functioning technologies are better than risky technologies. It is better to prevent damage than to depend on our ability to cure the damage. Nearness: Transparency and co-operation in food production can be improved by nearness. For example, using experience-based knowledge and local interests concerning the development of cultural and social values. Principle of Organic Farming

39. Principle 1- Health T o s u s t a i n a n d e nh a n ce th e h ea lt h o f s o i l , p l a n t , a n i m a l , hu m a n s a n d p l a n et a s on e a n d i nd i v i s i b l e . Principle 2- Ecology To base organic farming on living ecological systems and cycles, work with them, emulate them and help sustain them Principle 3- Fairness Organic agriculture should build on relationships that ensure fairness with regard to the common environment and life opportunities Principle 4- Care Organic agriculture should be managed in a precautionary and responsible manner to protect the health and well-being of current and future generations and the environment IFOAM Principles for Organic Agriculture (2006)

40. Conversion of land from conventional management to organic management. Management of the entire surrounding system to ensure biodiversity and sustainability of the system Crop production with the use of alternative sources of nutrients such as crop rotation, residue management, organic manures and biological inputs. Better plant protection practices by physical, cultural and by biological control system Maintenance of live stock with organic concept and make them an integral part of the entire system. Principles of Organic Farming

41. Standard Inspection Certification Accreditation Input Market (Export/Domestic) Main Issues for Organic Farming

42. G lo b ally 6 1 s t a nd a rds av a il a b l e ( I F O A M ( I nte r n a t i o n a l F e de r a t i o n o f Or g a n i c A g r i cu l t ure a nd Movement) CODEX, EU (European Unit), Demeter, Japanese Agricultural Standard (JAS), Naturland, etc. Organic Production); APEDA (Agricultural and Indian Standard: NPOP (National Programme for Process Food Products Export Development Authority ) Certification Agencies in India – 11 nos. Ecocert (G) (Aurangabad), Skal (N) (Bangalore), IMO (S) (Bangalore), SGS (S) (Gurgaon), Naturland (G) (Gurgaon), Lacon (G) (Cochin), Indocert (S) (Cochin), APOF (Bangalore), ISCOP (India Society for Certification of Organic Products, Coimbatore), Bioinspectra(S)(Cochin), IRFT Mumbai Accreditation N a t i o n a l A ccred i t a t i o n B oa rd L i m i t a t ion : H i g h c os t, p oo r i n s pect i o n perf o r m a nce S t a nd a r d s

43. Conversion from Conventional to Organic Farming C o n v e r s i o n f r o m c o n v en t i o n a l t o o r g a n i c pr o duc t i o n i n c l u des a l l c r o p pr o duc t i o n a nd al l a n i ma l husbandry to be converted to organic management over a period of time Principles: Conversion period provides a time frame to start establishing organic management, building soil fertility and developing a viable sustainable agro ecosystem. Recommended: The whole farm including all crop production and all animal husbandry has to be converted to organic management over a period of time. Depending on level of farm enterprise, knowledge and experience of the farmers and eco-logical and financial situation. Required: For full organic certification, a conversion period of 36 months (24 months as transition and last 12 months as organic) is required with approval by certification body and the product can be sold with organic description . Prohibited: Once land has been converted to organic production its conversion should not be reversed.

44. Government Initiative (As facilitator) NPOP programme (2000), National Standard, Accreditation, Certification; Organic export through Ministry of Commerce, APEDA. Development of Organic Farming Technology package by ICAR Setting up of vermiculture hatchery, Biofertilizer plant, Fruit/Vegetable compost plant Human Resource Development through training and field demonstration Quality testing and input production technology Market development, publicity etc.

45. Organic Farming for Sustainable Agricultural Production Lec t ur e 06 : S W OT A n a l y sis o f Or g a ni c F a r m ing

46. S W O T ANA L Y S I S Cheap Imports T a n t a li z i n g cu r e f r om chemical farming FUD I nc r e a s i n g Ma r k e t B r e a k t h r ou gh T e chno l og i c a l innovations Go v e r n m e nt S ub s i d i a r i e s Environmental I nad e q u a t e T e chn o l o gy Ex p e n s i v e P r od uc t s Less Awareness Lo w Y i e l d Sustainability Quality Product High Social Value Better Animal Welfare Strength Weakness Th re ats O pp o r t u n i ti es

47. S t r e n g t h Sustainability Satisfy human food needs and make the most efficient use of non-renewable resources and on-farm resources Enhance environmental quality and the natural resource base upon which the agricultural economy depends S u s t a i n t h e ec o no m i c v i a b i l i t y o f f arm op era t i on s E nh a n ce t h e qu a l i t y o f l i f e f o r f ar m ers a n d s o c i e t y as a w ho l e Organic community shares information on technologies Quality Product Free f r o m d a n g er o u s p e s t i c i d es a n d c h e m i ca l s H i g h i n a n t i - o x i d a n t c on t e n t a n d nu t r i t i v e v a l u e Bra n d i n g a n d i n t e g re t y

48. High Social Value V o l un t e er i s m , s e l f - h e l p a n d s e l f - d e t er m i n a t i o n Address consumers’ interests in health and wellness H ea lt h y S o c i e t y Health Benefits Animal Welfare G oo d A n i m al H ea lt h Q u a l i t y A n i m al Pr odu ct Harmony with Environment

49. W e a k n e s s Technological The sector lacks an adequate production knowledge base Limited supply of seed, manure and pesticides for organic farming Plant and animal breeding has not focused on characteristics suited to organic production. Labour intensive process to ensure that the plants remain pest free in an organic way, or to act as weed prevention. T h e k no w l e d g e b a s e f o r o r g a n i c p r o ce s s i n g i s l i m i t ed O r g a n i c s t o ra g e, p ac k i n g a n d t ra n s po rt f ac i l i t i es are l ac k i n g Expensive Products As the yield is low, so the farmers have to quote a higher price for the products in order to overcome their cost of production .

50. Less awareness among the farmers There is a lack of research and extension support for organic farmers . It is very difficult for a traditional farmer to adopt and learn the technology and practices of organic farming and the process of transition can take time. A new farmer will require proper guidance from a trained organic farmer time to time. Low Yield Low yield as compared to conventional farming High cost per unit production Immature market

51. Opportunities Increasing Market O r ga n i c f a r m i n g i s o n e of t h e f a s t e s t g r o w i n g s e g m e n t s i n ag r i c u l t u r e Increasing health awareness Increasing concerns toward adverse effects of chemical farming on environment and health Market demand for organic products is strong More Entrepreneurs entering this field There is an emerging pattern of social consciousness among consumers Consumer is focussing more on the procurement of locally grown food and associates local with organic Public sentiment against genetically modified (GM) crops supports the organic sector Health professionals and environmental groups are supportive of organic principles and practices The organic sector is well suited to marketing systems that allows producer to consumer contact

52. Breakthrough technological innovations Producers lack of organic inputs such as certified organic seeds and transplants, plant and animal breeds appropriate for organic production Bridge the gap of time effectiveness between conventional and organic farming In-depth research on organic inputs and product development Reduce the cost of production Conversion of waste land/barren land to organic farming system Government Subsidiaries Better Government coherent policies Increase in Government subsidy for Organic Farming

53. Environmental The International Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has outlined a need to reduce greenhouse gas emissions such as carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), methane (CH 4 ) and nitrous oxide (N 2 O ) from agricultural production systems. Organic farming reduces emissions and meets IPCC requirements. Compared with conventional farming, organic farming stores more carbon, does not require the input of synthetic nitrogen and pesticides, eliminates non-biological N 2 O emission, and consumes less water. Organic farming systems use 60% less energy than conventional Organic systems have more active soil microflora and greater assimilation of CO 2 compared to conventional systems Longer rotations with leguminous plants in organic systems produce greater organic C sequestration, improve soil physical properties, reduces N losses by 50% compared with conventional systems, and lower global warming potential.

54. T h r e a t s Cheap Imports C h e a p er i m p o r t e d a g r o - p r o d u c ts Cheaper conventional farming products Tantalizing cure from Chemical Farming Chemical farming has tantalized the farmers with quick fixation of problems. As a result chemical farming has become more alluring than organic FUD: Fear, Uncertainty and Doubt The perception that organic farming methods will not provide enough food to feed the world. The perception that organic food is not as safe as conventionally produced food. Integrity of organic producer and misinformation generated by those ignorant of organic sector

55. O r ga n i c F a r m i n g f o r Su s t a i n a b l e A g r i c u l t u r a l P r o du c t i o n Lec t ur e 7 : Su s t a i n a b le A g r icu l t u r e

56. What is “Sustainable Agriculture”? “The management and conservation of the natural resource base, and the orientation of technological and institutional change in such a manner as to ensure the attainment and continued satisfaction of human needs for present and future generations. Such development conserves land, water, plant and animal genetic resources, is environmentally non-degrading, technically appropriate, economically viable and socially acceptable.” (Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO))

57. What is “Sustainable Agriculture”? It is defined as the farming systems and government policies that develop long-term positive impacts on the following: agricultural profitability; environmental quality; food sufficiency, quality and affordability; and rural family and community vitality . A farm is sustainable if it is able to (pick any or all): M a i nt a i n a h i g h l e v el o f pr o duct i o n P re s er v e a nd enh a nce n a tur a l c a p i t a l P r ov i de a li v e li h o o d f o r a f a rm f a m il y Su s t a i n a rur a l cu l ture The Center for Integrated Agricultural Systems (CIAS)

58. The successful management of resource for agriculture to satisfy the changing human needs, while maintaining and enhancing the natural resource base and avoiding environmental degradation. The ability of an agricultural system to maintain production over time in the face of social and economic pressure. One that should conserve and protect natural resource and allow for long-term economic growth by managing all exploited resources for sustainable yield. (Board of International Food and Agricultural Development, 1988) What is “Sustainable Agriculture”?

59. Goals of Sustainable Agriculture Environmental health Economic profitability Social equity

60. 1 . E n v i r o n m e n t a l h e a lt h En v i r o n m ent a l l y Su s t a i n a b l e A g r i cu l ture s hou l d a i m M i n i m i z i ng g reenh o u s e g a s e m i ss i o n C o n s er v a t i o n o f ec os y s tem P r o tect i o n o f pu b li c he a l th Produce the best quality food for the consumer, nurt u re the en v i r o n m ent & pre s er v e ener g y .

61. 2. Economic Profitability Economic profitable Sustainable Agriculture should ensure that the farm families as well as the society as a w h o l e s h o u l d be n ef i t f r o m the keeping in view the a g r i c u l tu r a l s u s t a i n a b i l i ty practices a ppr oa c h . v i a b i l i ty i s a nec e s s a ry c o nd i t i o n f o r Economic s u s t a i n a b l e a g r i c u l tu r a l a nd f oo d s y s te m s . But ec o n o m i c v i a b il i ty i s a b o ut m o re th a n pr o f i t a b i li t y .

62. 3. Social equity Adam Smith , the father of contemporary economics, said, “ No Society can surely be flourishing and happy, of which the far greater part of the members are poor and miserable .” Hence for an approach to be literally sustainable it should look into the feasibility and social justice first. Th i s i s a ch i e v ed by Supporting farmers who are committed to protecting the natural environment Helping to make ecologically sound food and fiber systems economically viable Our responsibility to help build food and farming systems that are socially acceptable Generating employment equity for farmers, farm workers, and others employed in the system Ensuring adequate food, clothing, and shelter for all people have

63. Factors affecting Agricultural Sustainability Land/soil related problems Soil degradation/ Accelerated soil erosion Deforestation Siltation of reserves Irrigation related problems Rise in groundwater table & water logging Soil salinization & alkalization Over- exploitation of groundwater Indiscriminate use of agro- chemicals Environmental pollution (Fertilizer and pesticides) G ree nhou s e e f f ect

64. Factors determining sustainability Considering the population pressure and availability of arable land, the world can be classified under four classes: Class I: Regions having low population pressure and abundant per capita arable lowland (North America and Oceania) Class II: Regions having low population pressure but a shortage of per capita arable land (Europe) Class III: Regions having high population pressure and abundant per capita arable land (Africa and South America) Class IV: Regions having high population pressure, but low per capita arable land (Southeast Asia)

65. H o w Su st a i n a b l e A g r i c u l t u r e ? How can the world adequately feed more than 9 billion people by 2050 in a manner that advances economic development and reduces pressure on the environment? Answering it requires a “ great balancing act ” of three needs—each of which must be simultaneously met. First: The world needs to close the gap between the food available today and that needed by 2050. Second: The world needs agriculture to contribute to inclusive economic and social development. Third: The world needs to reduce agricultural impact on the environment.

66. Future Prospects Although industrial agriculture currently dominates the global food system, public awareness of the problems caused by this model has grown rapidly, building extensive support for sustainable agriculture, creating a robust market for sustainable foods, and inspiring formidable demand for agricultural policy and regulatory reform. Sustainable agriculture is not just an analytical question, defined in terms of environmental quality, productivity, sufficiency, but it is also a philosophy toward farming. By its nature, the concept is goal oriented and value laden. Although Sustainable Agriculture is profitable in the long run but for the time being farmers are more concerned with the monetary benefit. Hence proper dissemination of knowledge in this regard is required.

67. O r ga n i c F a r m i n g f o r Su s t a i n a b l e A g r i c u l t u r a l P r o du c t i o n Lecture 08 : Key Indicators of Sustainable Agriculture

68. “Key Indicators”- What are they? As a man’s health is judged by his physical and mental attributes, similarly the well-being of the ecosystem is primarily estimated by some parameters. These parameters are called the “Key Indicators”. Indicators enable policymakers, farmers, businesses, and civil society to better understand current conditions, ident i fy trends, set target s , monitor progress, and compare performance among regions and countries.

69. Key Indicators of Sustainable Agriculture W A T E R SOIL HEALTH LAND CONVERSION P O L L U T I ON C L I M A T E CHANGE

70. I nd i c a t o r s percent of its WATER Agriculture accounts for 70 percent of the world’s freshwater withdrawals and for 80 to 90 freshwater consumption. Water availability in future climate is going to be limited. S O I L H E A L T H Soil plays a key role in maintaining a balanced ecosystem and producing quality agricultural products. However, soil erosion and degradation continue to threaten the availability and productivity of land for growing food. Soil is being lost 10 to 40 times faster than it is being replenished, which poses a threat to long-term human food security. Furthermore, in many places, soil’s capacity to retain nutrients, retain moisture, and maintain a healthy pH is declining.

71. I nd i c a t or s 3 . LAND CONVERSION Since the dawn of the first agricultural revolution 8,000 to 10,000 years ago, growing crops and raising livestock have been the primary causes of loss and degradation of natural ecosystems. Today, 37 percent of the planet’s landmass outside of Antarctica is dedicated to growing food ; 12 percent is in croplands and 25 percent is in grazing lands. The majority of current land-use change in the world is forests, wetlands, and grasslands being converted into farms and grazing pastures.

72. I nd i c a t or s POLLUTION A. Nutrients: Maintaining balanced soil nutrient levels is critical to both production and environmental health: a deficiency in nutrients can reduce soil fertility and limit production, while surplus nutrients can lead to ecosystem degradation if they are lost to water or air. Impacts of excess nutrients on the environment include eutrophication of surface waters, impairment of groundwater, and emissions of harmful greenhouse gases, particularly nitrous oxide. B. Pesticides: Chemical pesticides―while beneficial for preventing crop losses to insects and other pests― can have detrimental effects on human health, wildlife, water quality, and other environmental factors depending on the toxicity of the constituent chemicals and the application conditions.

73. Indicators 5. CLIMATE CHANGE About 13 percent of global anthropogenic greenhouse gas e m i ss io n s c a m e f r o m agricultural production, most notably from ruminants, manure, fertilizers, rice, and on- farm energy use. Land use change, most of which is triggered by agriculture, contributed another 11 percent of global greenhouse gas emissions Crop Growth Processes Leaf Growth Stem Growth Root Growth Panicle Growth Grain Growth Plant Water S t a t u s Genetic Information Daylength Temperature Crop D e v e l o p m e n t P h o t o pe r o id Response Thermal Time T r a n s p l a n t i n g Shock G r o w t h Stage P a r ti t i o n i n g Rules Solar Radiation Temperature Albedo CO 2 P r e c i p it a ti o n Irrigation Bund Height Water Table Depth U r e a U r e a Urea R un o f f loss Aquatic Photosynthetic Activity Evaporation T r a n s p i r a t i o n NH 3 Loss A v a il a b le P N H S o ln 3 4 Urea NH + Soln NH + Soln 4 NH + Soln 4 4 NH + Soln N h + S o il 4 Diffusion P e r c o l a t i o n Adsorption/desorption { CEC } Diffusion A d s o r p t i on / desorption M i n e r a l i z a t i o n / Immobilization C/N W a t e r T e m p . Lignin/N Fresh Organic Matter Root Residue Water and N Uptake Urea Hydrolysis Rate Temp. Org. C pH I nh i b it o r s Diffusion P e r c o l a t i o n Diffusion P e r c o l a t i o n Urea Hydrolysis Rate Urea Hydrolysis Rate Diffusion P e r c o l a t i o n Leaching Loss R un o f f loss Diffusion P e r c o l a t i o n Diffusion P e r c o l a t i o n Leaching Loss Floodwater Oxidized S o il Z on e Reduced S o il L aye r s 3 3 NO - 3 NO - NO 3 - NO - D en i tr i f i c a t i o n Rate Soluble C Temp. Water filled P o r o s it y pH Plant N R o o t N T o p s N Plant N Status Grain Yield R e d i s t r i bu t i o n Rate ET Root Water Uptake 4 NH + Nitrification Rate pH Temp. Water Filled Porosity I nh i b it o r s Diffusion Percolation D en i tr i f i c a t i o n Loss Grain N S tr a w Straw N { Floodwater } pH & Temp. R un o f f loss Stable Organic Matter Crop Residue Soil Organic C Total Soil N

74. Water Cli m a te C h a n g e Policy Existence of policies requiring measurement of agricultural water withdrawals (Yes/No) Existence of policies promoting low greenhouse gas (GHG) from agricultural development (Yes/No) Practice Share of irrigated cropland area with efficient irrigation practices in place (%) Share of farm area with agricultural GHG emissions management practices (%) Performance Crop production per drop of water withdrawn (kilograms of crop produced per cubic meter of water per year) Water stress ratio (water demand/ water supply in cubic meters) Food production per unit of GHG emissions (tons of food produced per year per ton of CO 2 equivalent), i.e. Global Warming Potential Indicators: Policy, Practice and Performance analysis

75. L a nd Co n v er si o n S o i l he a l th Policy Existence of policies limiting conversion of natural ecosystems to agriculture (Yes/No) Existence of policies that promote agricultural soil conservation practices (Yes/No). Practice Share of agricultural land enrolled in agricultural preserve programs (e.g., zoning to preserve production) (%) Share of arable land under soil conservation practices (%) Performance Conversion of natural ecosystems (e.g., forests, wetlands) to agricultural land (crop and pasture) (hectares of converted land per year) Share of agricultural land over X years that was stable, share that shifted to natural land, and share that grew from natural land conversion (%). Share of agricultural land affected by soil erosion (%) Soil organic matter (carbon) content (tons of carbon per hectare). Indicators : Policy, Practice and Performance analysis

76. Pollution Nutrients Pesticides Policy E x i s te n c e o f po li c i e s pro m o t i n g management practices (Yes/No). nutrient Actions to ban or restrict pesticides and toxic chemicals for use in agriculture (Yes/No) Practice S h a re o f a g r i c u l t ur a l l a nd und e r nutrient management practices (%) efficient S h a re o f c rop l a nd management (%) under Integrated pest Performance Nutrient input balances on agricultural land Fertilizer applied per unit of arable land (tons o f nu t r i e n t s p e r h ecta re o f a r a b l e l a nd) Pesticide use per unit of cropland (tons of active ingredient applied per hectare) Indicators: Policy, Practice and Performance analysis Sources: World Resources Institute report, 2017

77. O r ga n i c F a r m i n g f o r Su s t a i n a b l e A g r i c u l t u r a l P r o du c t i o n Lecture 09 : Organic Farming and Climate Change

78. What is Climate change ? Climate change may refer to a change in average weather conditions, or in the time variation of weather within the context of longer-term average conditions. or Climate change is a change in the usual weather found in a place. This could be a change in how much rain a place usually gets in a year. Or it could be a change in a place's usual temperature for a m on t h o r s ea s o n .

79. Future Climate Predictions 3 Temperature is expected to increase by 1.1°C to 6.4°C by the year 2100, based on a range of e m i ss i o n s cen a r i o s . With sustainable development in effect from year 2000, CO2 will increase by 45% to 110% by 2030 along with 0.2°C warming per decade. Increase in number of heavy precipitation events along with pre v a l ence o f dr o u g hts S ou rc e : I P CC , 200

80. Future Climate Predictions 4

81. Estimates of Future levels of CO 2 Year CO 2 , ppm GREENHOUSE GAS CONCENTRATION (%) 2000 369 Carbon dioxide 55 Methane 15 2010-2015 388-398 Chloroflorocarbons 24 2050-2060 463-623 2100 478-1099 Nitrous oxide 6 These GHG are necessary to maintain the temperature of the earth in other to be habitable by mankind, animals and plants.

82. 6 Impacts of Climate Change on Agriculture Factors A lt era t i on s i n t e m p era t u re a n d ra i n f a l l c y c l e Changes in soil quality Emergence of pests and diseases I n crea s e i n f l oo d r i sk s a n d h azar d s Increase heat and drought stress F A C E e x per i m ents ( g ener a l ru l e): For every 75 ppm increase in CO 2 concentration, rice yield increases by 0.5 tons/ha F o r e v ery 1 ° C i n crea s e i n t e m p era t u re, y i e l d re du ces by 0.6 tons/ha

83. 7 Projected impacts of global warming 1 ° C 5 ° C S e a l e v e l r i s e t h r e a t e n s ma j or c i ti e s 2°C 3°C 4°C Falling crop yields in many areas, particularly developing regions Fo o d W a t e r R i s k o f A b r up t an d M a j o r I rr e v e r s ibl e C han g e s Global temperature change (relative to pre-industrial) ° C Falling yields in many developed regions Rising number of species face extinction l a r g e - sc a l e s h i f t s i n t h e c li m a t e s y s t e m Significant decreases in water availability in many areas, including Mediterranean and Southern Africa Small mountain glaciers disappear – water supplies threatened in s e v e r a l a r e a s Ecosystems Extensive Damage to Coral Reefs Extreme Weather Events Rising intensity of storms, forest fires, droughts, flooding and heat waves Possible rising yields in some high latitude regions

84. 8 Effect of climate change on global food production (Percent change in yield) under various scenarios HadCM3 2080s HadCM2 2080s A1F1 A2a A2b A2c B1a B2a B2b S550 S750 CO 2 , ppm 810 709 709 709 527 561 561 498 577 World -5 -1 -3 -1 -2 -1 1 Developed Countries 3 8 6 7 3 6 5 5 7 Developing Countries -7 -2 -2 -3 -4 -3 -5 -2 -1 Difference in D e v el o p e d a n d Developing C o un t rie s S ou r ce 10.4 : R osen z w e i g a 9.8 nd H ill el ( 2005) 8.4 C li m a t e change 10.2 , A g r i cu l t u r e and 7.0 S us t a i nab ili t y . I n 8.7 Lal et a l . ( E d ) : 9.3 C li m a t e C hange 6.6 and G l o b al F oo 7.7 d S ecu r i t y

85. Soil Fertility Average Dry Yield HI G H L O W M O D E R A T E MODERATE LOW VERY LOW

86. C li m a t e c h a n g e a nd F oo d Se c u r i t y Food security has four major components : Food availability through production and trade; stability of food supplies; a cc e s s t o f oo d ; a n d actual food utilization. Besides climate change, the factor that may cause food security problems are Regional conflicts, changes in international trade agreements and policies, infectious diseases, and other societal factors

87. C li m a t e c h a n g e a nd F oo d Se c u r i t y Projections of undernourishment depend on climate impacts and also on economic development, technical conditions, and population growth At the beginning of the millennium, between 800 and 900 million people were at risk of hunger. Most of them lived in Asia and sub-Sahuran Africa Economic growth and slowing population growth can significantly reduce the number of people at risk of hunger. In a pessimistic scenario with strong global warming, high population growth, and no CO2-fertilization effects, the number of additional people at risk of hunger may be as high as 500-600 million by 2080

88. An integrated climate change-sustainable development strategy is essential 1 . 15 E m er g i ng V i e w p o i nt Climate Change Development Integ ` rated CC-SD Strategy F o r m er V i e w p o i nt C li m ate C h a n g e Development

89. 1 . 17 Adaptations/Mitigations Con ce r n s a bou t t h e i ss u e s o f c li m a t e c h a ng e r es ul ted i n high l i gh t i n g two f und a m e n tal r es pon s e st r ate g i e s ; Mitigations and adaptations by the UNFCC The adaptation responses aim to alleviate t h e a d ve r s e i m p a c t t h r ou g h a w i d e r a ng e o f syste m -s p ec i f i c act i on . T h e m i t ig at i o n r es po n s e seek s to li m i t t h e e m i s s i o n o f G H G a n d e nh a n c e s i n k oppo r t u ni t i e s s o t h a t c li m at e do e s no t c h a ng e fast Link between climate change adaptation and mitigation

90. Carbon sequestration , lower-input of fossil fuel dependent resources, and use of renewable energy all present opportunities for organic agriculture to lead the way in reducing energy consumption a n d m i t i g a t i n g th e n e g a t i v e a ff ec t s o f e n er g y e m i ss i on s . Organic agriculture provides management practices that can help farmers adapt to climate change through strengthening agro- ecosystems, diversifying crop and livestock production, and building farmers’ knowledge base to best prevent and confront changes in climate. Organic Farming: Climate change mitigation

91. Climate change and Soil Organic Matter Two schools of thought exist with regard to the effects of climate change on soil quality, which is mainly governed by the organic matter content. The first school of thought argues that the climate change will cause soil erosion and degradation, especially in developing countries of tropics and subtropics. The soil erosion rate is controlled by erosive power of rainfall because of more extreme precipitation events under climate change scenarios. One percent increase in precipitation is expected to lead to 1.5-2% increase in erosion rates The accelerated erosion will cause depletion of soil organic matter. Further increased temperature and precipitation will accelerate the loss of soil organic matter, which is great concern for low-input agricultural system.

92. Climate change and Soil Organic Matter The second school of thought argues that the CO2 fertilization effect with increased atmospheric CO2 concentration would increase biomass productivity with more litter and crop residues returned into the soil and higher root mass and greater root exudation. This would result in a gradual increase in soil organic matter status. However the net effect of climate change would depend on adaptive options or use of recommended management practices.

93. Greenhouse gas emission by sectors ( CO2, CH4 and N20 converted to CO2 equivalents )

94. N 2 O emission: High soluble nitrogen levels in the soil from synthetic nitrogenous fertilizers A n i m a l hou s i n g a n d m a nu r e m a n a g e m e n t CH 4 emission : E n t e r i c f e rm e n t a ti o n b y r u m i n a n t s ( e . g . c o w s, s h ee p , g o a t s ) . A n ae r ob i c t u r nov e r i n r i c e p a dd i e s Manure handling biomass burning, e.g. from slash-and-burn agriculture, emits both methane and nitrous oxide. CO 2 emission : Vegetation – together with the soil ecosystem as the place for decomposition – generates large fluxes of carbon dioxide According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPPC), this flux is nearly balanced in agriculture. By sequestering carbon dioxide in the soil, agriculture may contribute to the carbon cycle in a positive way. 22 Agricultural Practices: Greenhouse Gas Emission

95. Potential agricultural options Improved cropland management nutrient management, tillage/residue management and water management Restoration of degraded soils Agriculture can help to mitigate climate change by reducing emissions of greenhouse gases and sequestering CO2 from the atmosphere in the soil . The potential of “Organic Farming” for both effects is high

96. O r ga n ic f a r m i n g as c l i m a t e c h a n ge m i t iga t ion 24 Reducing emission of N 2 O Inclusion of leguminous crops the potential nitrogen production by leguminous plants via intercropping and off-season cropping to be 154 million tonnes, a potential which exceeds the nitrogen production from fossil fuel by far and which is not fully exploited by conventional farming techniques. Diversified crop rotation with green manure Organic managed soil are more aerated and have significantly lower mobile nitrogen Reducing emission of CH 4 Avoiding continuous flooding in rice Choosing low methane emitting varieties

97. O r ga n ic f a r m i n g as c l i m a t e c h a n ge m i t iga t ion 25 Reducing emission of CO2 Control of soil erosion: The application of improved agricultural techniques organic farming, conservation tillage, agroforestry The improved practices stops soil erosion and converts carbon losses into gains. GWP components Kg C equiv /ha/year C o n v e n t i o n a l Till Conservation Till Soil C sequestration -337 CO2 emission Agril inputs +156 +202 Machinery +72 +23 Net C flux +228 -112 Relative C flux -340

98. Changing consumer behavior and diet Production of meat requires inputs that are seven times as high as the inputs needed to produce the same quantity of non-meat calories. GHG emission is highest in beef production (CO2 equivalents per kg meat are higher than 10,000 g), followed by pork, poultry and egg production (2,000 to 3,000 g CO2 equivalents per kg) and milk (approximately 1000 g CO2 equivalents per kg). Emission from production of plant foods are generally below 500 g CO2 equivalents per kg (Bos et al. 2007;Nemecek 2006, Ökoinstitut 2007, Küstermann et al. 2007). Organic agriculture aims at precisely this goal: consumption of less-processed products and increased consumption of products like cereals, potatoes, pulses and oils. Stopping deforestation 28 O r ga n ic f a r m i n g as c l i m a t e c h a n ge m i t iga t ion

99. Performance of organic farming as compared to conventional farming in the context of climate change

100. T h a n k y o u