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1. EMERGING TRENDS-I Presented by: . B.TECH FIRST YEAR Meerut Institute of Engineering & Technology

2. Content Introduction of IoT IoT Examples Advantages of IoT Disadvantages of IoT IoT Sensors Sensors types and features Major Components of IoT Smart Cities IIoT

3. Lecture 1 Introduction of IoT IoT Examples Advantages of IoT Disadvantages of IoT

4. What Is The Internet Of Things? LECTURE-1

5. What is Internet of Things? Kevin Ashton, in a presentation of Proctor & Gamble in 1999, coined the term “ Internet of Things”. IoT is nothing but accessing things from remote end using either Smart phone or Computer. Goal is to extend internet connectivity from standard devices like computer, mobile, tablet to relatively dumb devices like a toaster.

6. IoT The Internet of Things (IoT) refers to a system of interrelated, internet-connected objects that are able to collect and transfer data over a wireless network without human intervention. The Internet of things describes the network of physical objects—“things”—that are embedded with sensors, software, and other technologies for the purpose of connecting and exchanging data with other devices and systems over the Internet. It enables devices to interact, collaborate and, learn from each other’s experiences just like humans do.

7. How IoT Works?

8. IoT: How it works? An IoT system consists of sensors/devices which “talk” to the cloud through some kind of connectivity. Once the data gets to the cloud, software processes it and then might decide to perform an action, such as sending an alert or automatically adjusting the sensors/devices without the need for the user.

9. Major Components of IoT

10. Major Features of IoT

11. Popular Applications

12. Why IoT ?

13. IoT: EXAMPLES Smart Home security systems Smart Wearables health monitors IoT in agriculture Smart Speakers (Amazon Echo Dot: Alexa, Google Assistant) Smart Smoke Detectors Air Quality Sensors

14. IOT: EXAMPLES Smart Fire Extinguishers Flood Alert Sensors Smart Cities Smart Door Locks Soil monitoring Smart Farming equipment Smart factory equipment

15. Advantages of IoT : Minimize human effort: As the devices of IoT interact and communicate with each other and do lot of task for us, then they minimize the human effort. Save time: As it reduces the human effort then it definitely saves out time. Time is the primary factor which can save through IoT platform. Improve security: Now, if we have a system that all these things are interconnected then we can make the system more secure and efficient. Money: The financial aspect is the best advantage. This technology could replace humans who are in charge of monitoring and maintaining supplies.

16. Disdvantages of IoT : Complexity: The designing, developing, maintaining and enabling the large technology in IoT systems is quite complicated. Privacy: Privacy is a big issue with IoT. All the data must be encrypted. Even without the active participation of the user, the IoT system provides substantial personal data in maximum detail. Security: There is a chance that the software can be hacked and your personal information misused. It can lead the various kinds of network attacks. Data breaches are extremely stressful Compatibility: As of now, there is no standard for tagging and monitoring with sensors. A uniform concept like the USB or Bluetooth is required,which should not be that difficult to do.

17. Lecture 2 IoT Sensors Sensors types and features

18. Sensors, their types and features LECTURE-2

19. What are Sensors? Sensors are devices that convert a physical parameter or conditions into a signal that can be measured electrically. Once converted to an electrical signal it can be easily analyzed, multiplied and used for control. Thus Sensors form a inseparable part of measuring and providing effective measurement and control for automation.

20. What are Sensors? An IoT Sensor is a device that captures real-world data and translates it into a piece of information that could be interpreted by other instruments. As the name suggests, sensors react to stimuli — be it a change in sound, temperature, electric current, or a different property. Hence, a sensor in an IoT system senses the desired physical quantity and converts it into an electrical signal transmitted to the central cloud-based server directly or via an on-site microcontroller.

21. Transducer : A transducer converts a signal from one physical structure to another. It converts one type of energy into another type. It might be used as an actuator in various systems.

22. Features of Sensors: Range: It is the minimum and maximum value of a physical variable that the sensor can sense or measure. Accuracy: It shows how close the output of the sensor is to the expected value. Sensitivity: It is the ratio of change in output to change in input. Resolution: It is the minimum change in input that can be sensed by the sensor. Repeatability: It is defined as the ability of a sensor to produce the same output at every time when the same input is applied and all the physical and measurement conditions are kept the same. Response Time: It is generally expressed as the time at which the output reaches a certain percentage (for instance, 95%) of its final value, in response to a step change of the input.

23. Daily Life Applications A mercury-in-glass thermometer Temperature sensor in an microwave Temperature and humidity sensors in an AC

24. Types of IoT Sensors Temperature Sensors Humidity Sensors Pressure Sensors Proximity Sensors Level Sensors

25. Types of IoT Sensors Accelerometers Gyroscope Gas Sensors Infrared Sensors Optical Sensors

26. Types of IoT Sensors All types of sensors are basically classified into Analog and Digital Sensors but below sensors are used frequently in IoT Devices. Electrical sensor: Electrical proximity sensors may be contact or non-contact. Simple contact sensors operate by making the sensor and the component complete an electrical circuit. Non-contact electrical proximity sensors rely on the electrical principles of either induction for detecting metals or capacitance for detecting non-metals as well.

27. Types of IoT Sensors Light sensor: Light sensor is also known as photo sensors and one of the important sensor. Light dependent resistor or LDR is a simple light sensor available today. The property of LDR is that its resistance is inversely proportional to the intensity of the ambient light i.e when the intensity of light increases, it's resistance decreases and vise-versa.

28. Types of IoT Sensors Touch sensor: Detection of something like a touch of a finger or a stylus is known as touch sensor. It's name suggests that detection of something. They are classified into two types: Resistive type Capacitive type Today almost all modern touch sensors are of capacitive types. Because they are more accurate and have a better signal to noise ratio.

29. Types of IoT Sensors Range sensing: Range sensing concerns detecting how near or far a component is from the sensing position, although they can also be used as proximity sensors. Distance or range sensors use non-contact analog techniques. Short range sensing, between a few millimetres and a few hundred millimetres is carried out using electrical capacitance, inductance and magnetic technique. Longer range sensing is carried out using transmitted energy waves of various types eg radio waves, sound waves and lasers.

30. Types of IoT Sensors Mechanical sensor: Any suitable mechanical /electrical switch may be adopted but because a certain amount of force is required to operate a mechanical switch it is common to use micro-switches. Pneumatic sensor: These proximity sensors operate by breaking or disturbing an air flow. The pneumatic proximity sensor is an example of a contact type sensor. These cannot be used where light components may be blown away.

31. Types of IoT Sensors Optical sensor: In there simplest form, optical proximity sensors operate by breaking a light beam which falls onto a light sensitive device such as a photocell. These are examples of non-contact sensors. Care must be exercised with the lighting environment of these sensors for example optical sensors can be blinded by flashes from arc welding processes, airborne dust and smoke clouds may impede light transmission etc.

32. Types of IoT Sensors Speed Sensor: Sensor used for detecting the speed of any object or vehicle which is in motion is known as speed sensor. For example - Wind Speed Sensors, Speedometer , UDAR , Ground Speed Radar. Temperature Sensor: Devices which monitors and tracks the temperature and gives temperature's measurement as an electrical signal are termed as temperature sensors. These electrical signals will be in the form of voltage and is directly proportional to the temperature measurement.

33. Types of IoT Sensors PIR Sensor: PIR stands for passive infrared sensor and it is an electronic sensor that is used for the tracking and measurement of infrared (IR) light radiating from objects in its field of view and is also known as Pyroelectric sensor. It is mainly used for detecting human motion and movement detection. Ultrasonic Sensor: The principle of ultrasonic sensor is similar to the working principle of SONAR or RADAR in which the interpretation of echoes from radio or sound waves to evaluate the attributes of a target by generating the high frequency sound waves.

34. Lecture -3 Major Component of IoT:

35. Major Components of IoT:

36. Major Components of IoT: Sensors/Devices: The main components that complete the connectivity layer are sensors and devices. Sensors collect the information from the surrounding environment and send it off to the next layer, where it is processed. Gateway: Gateway enables easy management of data traffic flowing between protocols and networks. On the other hand, it also translates the network protocols and makes sure that the devices and sensors are connected properly. It can also work to pre-process the data from sensors and send them off to the next level if it is configured accordingly. it gives proper encryption with the network flow and data transmission. The data that flowed through it is in a higher order that is protected by using the latest encryption techniques. You can assume it as an extra layer between the cloud and devices that filters away the attack and illegal network access.

37. Major Components of IoT: Cloud: With the help of internet of things ecosystem, companies are able to collect bulk data from the devices and applications. There are various tools that are used for the purpose of data collection that can collect, process, handle and store the data efficiently in real time. They can also access their data remotely. Analytics: The analog data of devices and sensors are converted into a format that is easy to read and analyze. The big companies collect the data in bulk and analyze it to see future opportunities so that they can easily develop more business advancement and gain something out of it. Data may be a small word, but it holds the power to make or break the business if used correctly.

38. Major Components of IoT: User Interface: The user interface is the visible component that is easily accessible and in control of the IoT user. This is where a user can control the system and set their preferences. It is important for the developer to create a user-friendly interface that could be accessed without putting any extra efforts in it and that can help in easy interaction.

39. IoT Layers Architecture IoT Layers Architecture Three Layer Five Layer Seven Layer

40. IoT Layers Architecture IoT architecture is a framework that specifies the physical elements, network technical arrangement and setup, operating procedures, and data formats to be used. IoT architecture can differ greatly based on execution; it must be flexible enough for open protocols to handle many network applications.

41. Three Layer Architecture

42. Three Layer Architecture 1. Perception Layer : This perception layer is the IoT architecture's physical layer. In these sensors and embedded systems are used mainly. These collect large amounts of data based on the requirements. This also includes edge devices, sensors, and actuators that communicate with the surroundings. It detects certain spatial parameters or detects other intelligent things /objects in the surroundings. 2. Network Layer : The data obtained by these devices must be distributed and stored. This is the responsibility of the network layer. It binds these intelligent objects to other intelligent/ smart objects. It is also in charge of data transfer. The network layer is in-charge of linking smart objects, network devices, and servers. It is also used to distribute and analyze sensor data.

43. Three Layer Architecture 3. Application Layer : The user communicates with this application layer. It is in-charge of providing the customer with software resources. Example: in smart home application, where users press a button in the app to switch on a coffee machine, for example. The application layer is in-charge of providing the customer with application-specific resources. It specifies different uses for the IoT, such as smart houses, smart cities, and smart health.

44. Five Layer Architecture

45. Five Layer Architecture 1. Perception Layer This is the first layer of IoT architecture. In the perception layer, a number of sensors and actuators are used to gather useful information like temperature, moisture content, intruder detection, sounds, etc. The main function of this layer is to get information from surroundings and to pass data to another layer so that some actions can be done based on that information. 2. Network Layer As the name suggests, it is the connecting layer between perception and middleware layer. It gets data from perception layer and passes data to middleware layer using networking technologies like 3G, 4G, UTMS, Wifi , infrared, etc. This is also called communication layer because it is responsible for communication between perception and middleware layer. All the transfer of data done securely keeping the obtained data confidential.

46. Five Layer Architecture 3. Middleware Layer Middleware Layer has some advanced features like storage, computation, processing, action taking capabilities. It stores all data-set and based on the device address and name it gives appropriate data to that device. It can also take decisions based on calculations done on data-set obtained from sensors. 4. Application Layer The application layer manages all application process based on information obtained from middleware layer. This application involves sending emails, activating alarm, security system, turn on or off a device, smartwatch, smart agriculture, etc. 5. Business Layer The success of any device does not depend only on the technologies used in it but also how it is being delivered to its consumers. The Business layer does these tasks for the device. It involves making flowcharts, graphs, analysis of results, and how device can be improved, etc.

47. Five Layer Architecture

48. Seven Layer Architecture

49. Seven Layer Architecture 1. Physical Layer The physical layer forms the foundation of the IoT infrastructure. It consists of the physical devices and sensors that collect data from the physical world. These devices can range from simple sensors to complex machines and appliances. The physical layer is responsible for capturing and transmitting data to the next layer, enabling the IoT network to function. 2. Data Link Layer The data link layer is responsible for establishing and maintaining reliable communication between devices within a local network. It ensures that data packets are transmitted accurately and efficiently, using protocols such as Wi-Fi, Ethernet, or Bluetooth. This layer also handles error detection and correction, ensuring the integrity of the data being transmitted.

50. Seven Layer Architecture 3. Network Layer The network layer is responsible for routing data packets across different networks. It determines the most efficient path for data transmission, taking into account factors such as network congestion and device availability. This layer uses protocols like IP (Internet Protocol) to enable communication between devices connected to different networks. 4. Transport Layer The transport layer is responsible for ensuring reliable and efficient data transfer between devices. It breaks down large data packets into smaller, manageable chunks and reassembles them at the receiving end. This layer also handles error recovery and flow control, optimizing data transmission for the best possible performance.

51. Seven Layer Architecture 5. Session Layer The session layer establishes and manages communication sessions between devices. It allows devices to establish connections, exchange data, and terminate connections when the communication is complete. This layer also handles security and authentication, ensuring that only authorized devices can access the IoT network. 6. Presentation Layer The presentation layer is responsible for formatting and translating data into a format that can be easily understood by the receiving device. It handles tasks such as data encryption, compression, and data representation, ensuring that data is presented in a consistent and meaningful manner.

52. Seven Layer Architecture 7. Application Layer The application layer is the topmost layer of the IoT architecture. It provides the interface for end users to interact with the IoT system. This layer includes applications and services that enable users to control and monitor connected devices, access data, and perform various tasks. Examples of applications at this layer include smart home apps, industrial automation software, and healthcare monitoring systems.

53. Lecture 4

54. Smart Cities In general, a smart city is a city that uses technology to provide services and solve city problems. A smart city does things like improve transportation and accessibility, improve social services, promote sustainability, and give its citizens a voice. The main goals of a smart city are to improve: Public Transportation IT-connectivity Water Management

55. Smart Cities Power Supply Sanitation Waste management Urban mobility E-governance Citizen participation

56. Smart Cities

57. Smart Cities

58. Smart Cities

59. Smart Cities How a smart city works: Smart cities use a combination of the internet of things (IoT) devices, software solutions, user interfaces (UI) and communication networks. However, they rely first and foremost on the IoT. Smart cities utilize their web of connected IoT devices and other technologies to achieve their goals of improving the quality of life and achieving economic growth.

60. Smart Cities Successful smart cities follow four steps: Collection - Smart sensors throughout the city gather data in real time. Analysis - Data collected by the smart sensors is assessed in order to draw meaningful insights. Communication - The insights that have been found in the analysis phase are communicated with decision makers through strong communication networks. Action - Cities use the insights pulled from the data to create solutions, optimize operations and asset management and improve the quality of life for residents.

61. Smart Cities Concept of smart city: Smart People: Concept: The concept of smart people involves leveraging technology and data to empower and engage citizens, enhancing their overall quality of life. Examples: Education Apps and Platforms: Implementing smart education systems that utilize digital platforms, online courses, and educational apps to provide accessible and personalized learning experiences.

62. Smart Cities Healthcare Wearables: Using wearable devices and mobile health applications for health monitoring and personalized healthcare solutions, promoting a healthier lifestyle. Community Engagement Platforms: Utilizing digital platforms for citizen engagement, allowing residents to participate in decision-making processes and provide feedback on city initiatives.

63. Smart Cities Smart Economy: Concept: The smart economy concept focuses on fostering economic growth by integrating technology and innovation into business practices, supporting entrepreneurship, and creating job opportunities. Examples: Innovation Hubs: Establishing innovation and technology hubs that bring together startups, researchers, and businesses to drive economic growth through the development of new technologies. Digital Payment Systems: Implementing smart payment solutions, including digital wallets and contactless payment options, to facilitate seamless and secure financial transactions. Economic Analytics: Using data analytics to understand economic trends, optimize resource allocation, and attract investments by providing insights into the business ecosystem.

64. Smart Cities Smart Governance: Concept: Smart governance involves the use of digital technologies to enhance administrative efficiency, transparency, and citizen participation in decision-making processes. Examples: E-Governance Platforms: Implementing online platforms for government services, allowing citizens to access information, apply for permits, and participate in public consultations. Open Data Initiatives: Making government data publicly available to promote transparency and enable data-driven decision-making. Blockchain for Security: Utilizing blockchain technology for secure and transparent transactions, reducing fraud and enhancing the integrity of government processes.

65. Smart Cities Smart Mobility: Concept: Smart mobility focuses on optimizing transportation systems, reducing congestion, and promoting sustainable modes of transportation through the integration of technology. Examples: Intelligent Traffic Management: Implementing smart traffic lights, real-time traffic monitoring, and adaptive signal control to optimize traffic flow and reduce congestion. Public Transit Apps: Developing mobile apps for public transportation that provide real-time schedules, route planning, and fare information to enhance the convenience of public transit. Electric and Autonomous Vehicles: Promoting the use of electric and autonomous vehicles to reduce emissions and improve overall transportation efficiency.

66. Smart Cities Smart Environment: Concept: The smart environment concept focuses on implementing sustainable practices, monitoring environmental conditions, and reducing the environmental impact of urban activities. Examples: Smart Waste Management: Using sensors and IoT devices to optimize waste collection routes, reduce littering, and promote recycling. Green Building Technologies: Implementing energy-efficient building designs, renewable energy sources, and smart technologies to minimize the environmental footprint of construction.

67. Smart Cities

68. Smart Cities

69. Smart Cities

70. Smart Cities

71. Smart Cities

72. Smart Cities

73. Smart Cities

74. Smart Cities

75. Lecture 5 IIoT (Industrial Internet of Things):

76. IIoT (Industrial Internet of Things): The industrial internet of things (IIoT) refers to the extension and use of the internet of things (IoT) in industrial sectors and applications. With a strong focus on machine-to-machine (M2M) communication, big data, and machine learning, the IIoT enables industries and enterprises to have better efficiency and reliability in their operations. The IIoT encompasses industrial applications, including robotics, medical devices, and software-defined production processes.

77. How does Industrial IIoT works? Industrial IoT is a system which includes smart sensors, machines, tools, software platforms, cloud servers and applications. Smart sensors are deployed at every stages of manufacturing floor for specific applications. These sensor networks continuously send data to the IoT gateway (act as a hub between IoT devices and cloud) which receive and transmit the data to the cloud application server for processing and analysis.

78. How does Industrial IIoT works?

79. Why is IIoT important? Real-time monitoring.  Data collection and analysis.  Health and safety.   Supply chain management.  

80. Applications of IIoT: 1. Industrial Automation: 2. Smart Robotics: 3. Predictive Maintenance: 4. Integration of Smart Tools / Wearables: 5. Smart Logistics Management: 6. Smart Package Management: 7. Enhanced Quality and Security: 8. Power Management:

81. Which industries are using IIoT ? Automotive Agriculture Oil and gas Utilities

82. Key Benefits of IIoT: Predictive maintenance More efficient field service Asset tracking Increased customer satisfaction Improved facility management.  

83. Key Benefits of IIoT: Increased efficiency Cost savings Time savings Enhanced industrial safety Improved and intelligent connectivity between devices or machines Improved accuracy Product and process optimization Predictive maintenance and analysis Remote accessibility and monitoring Enhanced security Scalability of network Reduced down time for machines and process Power savings

84. What is the difference between IoT and IIoT? The internet of things and IIoT have many technologies in common, including cloud platforms, sensors, connectivity, machine-to-machine communications and data analytics. However, they're also used for different purposes. IoT systems connect devices across multiple verticals, including agriculture, healthcare, enterprise, consumer, utilities, government and cities. IoT technology includes smart devices, fitness bands, home appliances and other applications that generally don't create emergency situations if something goes amiss. IIoT applications, on the other hand, connect machines and devices in sectors such as oil and gas, utilities and manufacturing. System failures and downtime in IIoT deployments can result in high-risk or life-threatening situations. IIoT applications are also more concerned with improving efficiency, health or safety versus the user-centric nature of IoT applications.

85. Thank you