Unit 1 -Reaction of benzene with Mechanism

Reactions of benzene
-Nitration of Benzene
-Sulphonation
-Halogenation
-Friedel Craft Alkylation
-Friedel Craft Acylation

1. Organic Chemistry Chapter 1-Reactions Of Benzene For B.Pharmacy 3 rd Semester As per PCI Syllabus

2. Nitration of Benzene

3. The nitration of benzene is another example of an electrophilic aromatic substitution reaction. In this reaction, a hydrogen atom on the benzene ring is substituted with a nitro group (-NO 2 ). The typical reagents for the nitration reaction are nitric acid and sulfuric acid:

4. Reaction Mechanism The first step in the nitration of benzene is to activate HNO 3 with sulfuric acid to produce a stronger electrophile, the nitronium ion. N itronium ion(Electrophile)

5. The electron rich benzene molecules (nucleophile) attacks nitronium ion(electrophile) leading to the formation of a carbocation which is stabilized by resonance. carbocation which is stabilized by resonance

6. The carbocation formed loses a proton to yield nitrobenzene. carbocation

7. Sulphonation

8. Halogenation

9. Friedel Craft Alkylation

10. Friedel Craft Acylation

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