Unit 1 , Research methods in education 8604.pptx

Research methods in education

1. RESEARCH METHODS IN EDUCATION Course Code: 8604 Course Coordinator: Dr. Azhar Mumtaz Saadi

2. Introduction to Book Unit–1: Introduction of Educational Research Unit–2: Types of Research Unit–3: Historical Research Unit–4: Experimental Research Unit–5: Descriptive Research Unit–6: Tools and Techniques of Research Unit–7: Sampling Techniques Unit–8: Designing a Research Proposal Unit–9: Writing Research Report

3. Course Code: 8604 Unit - 1 Introduction of Educational Research Presented By: Dr. Abdul Khaliq PhD (Education)

4. Outline We will learn today about: Sources of Knowledge Research and Educational Research Nature of Educational Research Characteristics of Educational Research Need of Research Scope of Research in Education Steps in the Process Of the Research Advantages of Educational Research Significance of Research

5. Meaning of Knowledge Knowledge is a familiarity, awareness or understanding of someone or something, such as facts, information, descriptions, or skills, which is acquired through experience or education by perceiving, discovering, or learning. Knowledge can refer to a theoretical or practical understanding of a subject . Knowledge is broader, deeper and rich than information.

6. Knowledge Knowledge, as defined by Oxford dictionary, is What is known in a particular field Awareness gained by experience of fact or situation The theoretical and practical understanding of a subject.

7. Ways To Gain Knowledge . There are many ways to obtain Knowledge, including sensory experience, agreement with others, authority, intuition , expert’s opinion, logic, and the scientific method, etc.

8. Sources of Knowledge

9. The ability to see, hear, or become aware of something through the senses. The way in which something is regarded, understood, or interpreted. Perception

10. Sense Perception Sense perception is the use of our senses to acquire information about the world around us and to become acquainted with objects, events, and their features. Traditionally, there are taken to be five senses: sight, touch, hearing, smell and taste.

11. Sensory/Empirical Information Knowledge is drawn through five senses (five gates of Knowledge). The more the senses are involved in process of acquiring knowledge, more comprehensive would be the knowledge acquired .

12. The Senses/ Empirical Knowledge Information from the senses is called empirical knowledge and empiricists believe that the fundamental source of all knowledge is our senses. Our senses are exploratory organs; we use them all to become acquainted with the world we live in . We learn that candy is sweet, and so are sugar, jam, and maple syrup. Lemons are not, and onions are not. The sun is bright and blinding. Glowing coals in the fireplace are beautiful if you don't touch them. Sounds soothe, warn, or frighten us.

13. Sense of Seeing How much knowledge is gained through the sense of seeing? (a) 75% (b) 13% (c) 6% (d) 3% Answer is = a

14. Sense of Listening How much knowledge is gained through the sense of listening? (a)75% (b) 13% (c) 6% (d) 3% Answer is = b

15. Sense of Touch How much knowledge is gained through the sense of touch? (a)75% (b) 13% (c) 6% (d) 3% Answer is = c

16. Sense of Smell How much knowledge is gained through the sense of smell? (a) 75% (b) 13% (c)6% (d) 3% Answer is = d

17. Sense of Taste How much knowledge is gained through the sense of taste? (a)75% (b) 13% (c) 6% (d) 3% Answer is = d

18. Experiences Experience is a familiar and well-used source of knowledge. By personal experience, you can find the answers to many of the questions you face. Our personal experiences or experiences of other people are the most familiar and fundamental sources of knowledge. We learn many things from our day to life and what goes around us.

19. Experiences Much wisdom passed from generation to generation is the result of experience. If people were not able to profit from experience, progress would be severely retarded. In fact, this ability to learn from experience is a prime characteristic of intelligent behavior.

20. Revelation A second influential source of knowledge throughout the span of human history has been revelation . Revealed knowledge has been of prime importance in the field of religion. It differs from all other sources of knowledge because it presupposes a transcendent supernatural reality that breaks into the natural order.

21. Tradition The transmission of customs or beliefs from generation to generation, or the fact of being passed on in this way.

22. Tradition We depend on our traditions for the solution of many problems we might face in our life. So, we have accepted various traditions of our forefathers or our culture. Everything that we have accepted from our traditions might not always be valid. Over the period of time, people have rejected those wrong traditions which were once valid. Therefore we should always evaluate the knowledge acquired from traditions before accepting it.

23. Expert Opinion Sometimes in search of knowledge one can take the testimony of experts who, because of their intellect, training, expert experience or aptitudes, are better informed than other people.

24. Authority Authority is a quick and easy source of knowledge . The power or right to give orders, make decisions, and enforce obedience . Authority , a person with specialized expertise and recognition for that expertise . Authority as an approach to acquiring knowledge represents an acceptance of information or facts stated by another because that person is a highly respected source. Teachers are accepted as an authority and great source of knowledge by learners.

25. Authority Authority is a quick and easy source of knowledge . The power or right to give orders, make decisions, and enforce obedience . Authority , a person with specialized expertise and recognition for that expertise . Authority as an approach to acquiring knowledge represents an acceptance of information or facts stated by another because that person is a highly respected source. Comes from authority or specialist in a particular field of knowledge. For example scientists, philosophers, professor, economists etc. Teachers are accepted as an authority and great source of knowledge by learners.

26. Intuition Intuition ‒ immediate knowledge of something . Knowledge of something without being consciously aware of where the knowledge came from. An approach to acquiring knowledge that is not based on a known reasoning process. Webster’s Third New International Dictionary defines intuition as “the act or process of coming to direct knowledge or certainty without reasoning or inferring.”

27. Intuition

28. Magic Another way an individual can gain knowledge and control the world is through magic . There are two broad classes of magic. One is imitative magic and other is contagious. In imitative magic people attempt to produce a desired effect by imitating that effect. Contagious magic is based on associations between objects or events.

29. Problem Solving Here the solution of the problem being solved becomes the part of knowledge. So, problem-solving is also an effective tool to acquire knowledge.

30. Rationalism The acquisition of knowledge through reasoning. Reasoning , thought, or logic is the central factor in knowledge is known as rationalism .

31. Logical Reasoning Logic is the study of the methods and principles used to distinguish correct from incorrect reasoning. Distinguishing correct reasoning from incorrect reasoning is the task of logic. Reasoning - The drawing of inferences or conclusions from known or assumed facts. Reasoning is defined as logical or sensible thinking. Reasoning is the action of thinking about something in a logical, sensible way.

32. Kinds of Reasoning Deductive Reasoning Inductive Reasoning Both types of reasoning are useful as a means of understanding phenomena .

33. Deductive and Inductive Reasoning

34. Deductive Reasoning Deductive reasoning is the process of developing specific predictions from general principles. Deductive reasoning involves the formulation of specific observational predictions based on a general principle or theory . Example Major Premise : Every mammal has lungs. Minor Premise : All rabbits are mammals. Conclusion : Therefore , every rabbit has lungs.

35. Inductive Reasoning Inductive reasoning starts from particular experiences to general truths. Inductive reasoning involves the formulation of a general principle or theory based on a set of specific observations. Example Every rabbit that has ever been observed has lungs. Therefore, every rabbit has lungs.

36. Scientific Method Science is a very important way of acquiring knowledge. Scientific method as the set of assumptions, rules, and procedures that scientists use to conduct empirical research. Empirical research methods include collecting, analyzing, and interpreting data, reaching conclusions, and sharing information.

37. Scientific Method An approach to discover accurate information that includes conceptualizing the problem, collecting data, drawing conclusions, and revising research conclusions and theory.

38. Scientific Method The scientific method is, thus, based on certain basic postulates which can be stated as under: It relies on empirical evidence; It utilizes relevant concepts; It is committed to only objective considerations; It presupposes ethical neutrality, i.e., it aims at nothing but making only adequate and correct statements about population objects;

39. Scientific Method It results into probabilistic predictions; Its methodology is made known to all concerned for critical scrutiny are for use in testing the conclusions through replication; It aims at formulating most general axioms or what can be termed as scientific theories.

40. Steps in the Scientific Method ?

41. Research The term ‘Research’ consists of two words: Research = Re- + Search ‘Re-’ means again and again and ‘Search’ means to find out something, the following is the process: Therefore, research means to observe the phenomena again and again from different dimensions.

42. Definition Research is the formal, systematic application of the scientific method to study of problems (L. R. Gay). Research is a systematized (systematic) effort to gain new knowledge (Redman & Mori). Research is a method of studying problems whose solutions are to be derived partly or wholly from facts (W. S. Monroes). Research is the voyage of discovery. It is the quest for answers to unsolved problems.

43. Educational Research Educational Research is the formal, systematic application of the scientific method to study of educational problems. The goal of the educational research is to describe, explain, predict, or control phenomenon under study. (L. R. Gay) Educational Research is the systematic application of scientific method for solving educational problem. ( Mouly )

44. Why Educational Research? Improve the practices Add the knowledge Address the gaps in knowledge Expand knowledge Replicate knowledge (Test the different findings) To identify truth regarding Enrolment, retention, dropout, quality of Education. To build new knowledge regarding the methodology & pedagogy. To solve a problem related to classroom, institution, administrative level, policy level.

45. Nature of Educational Research The following characteristics are related in that, as a whole, they describe the nature of research: Research is empirical; Research is systematic; Research should be valid; Research should be reliable; Research can take on a variety of forms.

46. Characteristics of Educational Research It is highly purposeful. It deals with educational problems regarding students and teachers as well. It is precise, objective, scientific and systematic process of investigation. It attempts to organize data quantitatively and qualitatively to arrive at statistical inferences. It discovers new facts in new perspective. i.e., It generates new knowledge.

47. Characteristics of Educational Research It is based on some philosophic theory. It depends on the researchers ability, ingenuity and experience for its interpretation and conclusions. It needs interdisciplinary approach for solving educational problem.

48. Scope of Educational Research It discovers facts and relationship in order to make educational process more effective. It relates social sciences like education. It includes process like investigation, planning (design) collecting data, processing of data, their analysis, interpretation and drawing inferences. It covers areas from formal education and conformal education as well.

49. Steps in the Process Of the Research Research is a process of steps used to collect and analyze information to increase our understanding about a topic or issue. Identifying a Research Problem Reviewing the Literature Specifying a Purpose and Research Questions or Hypotheses Collecting Quantitative Data Analyzing and Interpreting Quantitative Data Collecting Qualitative Data Analyzing and Interpreting Qualitative Data Reporting and Evaluating Research

50. Advantages of Educational Research Educational research leads to the following advantages : It brings confidence in the teacher. It also brings dignity to the work of the teacher . It leads to the adoption of new methods. It keeps up alert. It brings a sense of awareness. It develops a better understanding of the teaching learning process. It enables us to have a better understanding of the social life. It promotes educational reform.

51. Significance of Research Research is important because it helps us to understand the world around us and to find solutions to problems. It helps us advance knowledge and develop new technologies. Research is essential to the academic community, as it helps scholars build on previous knowledge and advance their understanding of the world. It is also important to the general public, as it can help solve problems and improve our quality of life.

52. Cont . There are many different types of research, each with its importance. Basic research helps us understand the world around us, while applied research takes that knowledge and uses it to solve problems. Clinical research is important for developing new medical treatments, while social science research can help improve our understanding of human behavior.