Unit 18 Genes and Genetic Engineering 2.pptx

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1. Genetic Engineering

2. Genetic engineering is a biotechnological technique of modifying an organism’s genes. Genetic Engineering Genetic engineering laboratory in Macedonia.

3. Genetic engineering and biotechnology trace their roots in agriculture . Our ancestors devised plant breeding techniques to achieve the desired trait of crops. Brief History Maize is a product of repeated breeding of teosinte.

4. In 1972, Herbert Boyer and Stanley Cohen performed transgenesis for the first time. They made the first insulin-producing transgenic bacteria. Brief History Boyer (1936-present) and Cohen (1922-present).

5. In 1974, Rudolf Jaenisch pioneered transgenic in animal science. He incorporated viral DNA into a mouse’s genetic material. Brief History Rudolf Jaenisch (1942-present)

6. Michael Bevan, Richard Flavell, and Mary-Dell Chilton inserted antibiotic resistance gene in tobacco. This disease resistant tobacco is the world’s first genetically modified crop. Brief History Nicotiana tabacum or tobacco was modified to be disease resistant.

7. DNA isolation. Target DNA and plasmid are isolated from their sources. In Bt corn, gene of interest is isolated from Bacillus thuringiensis. Genetic Engineering Process Restriction enzymes cut gene of interest from source organism.

8. Bacillus thuringiensis produces the cry1Ab protein or Bt toxin. Bt toxin is lethal to the Asian corn borers. Genetic Engineering Process Bt toxin (left) is lethal to the intestines of corn borers (right).

9. The plasmid used comes from Agrobacterium tumefaciens , a soil bacterium. A. tumefaciens can infect the target crop and incorporate the new DNA into its host. Genetic Engineering Process Plant tumors caused by Agrobacterium tumefaciens.

10. Ligation: Recombinant plasmid and foreign DNA are combined by DNA ligase. Genetic Engineering Process Ti-plasmid and foreign DNA form the recombinant plasmid.

11. Transformation involves the insertion of recombinant plasmid back to a bacterial cell, usually, Escherichia coli . Genetic Engineering Process Transformation requires electric or heat shock.

12. Selection. Transformed bacteria are normally selected by using Xgal. The bacteria transfers the Bt toxin gene into corn cells. Genetic Engineering Process Transfer of foreign DNA into the corn cells.

13. Genetic engineering is the process of modifying genes in a living organism to produce genetically modified organisms (GMOs) also known as transgenic organisms. 1 The first ever DNA manipulation experiment was performed by Herbert Boyer and Stanley Cohen in early 1972. 2

14. In 1974, the first genetically modified mouse was created by Rudolf Jaenisch . 3 In DNA Isolation , the plasmid and gene-of-interest are isolated. 4 In ligation , the gene is inserted into the plasmid. 5 In transformation , the recombinant plasmid is inserted back to the bacterium. 6

15. Genetic engineering requires the introduction of genes from the same modified organisms. Ligation is the process of inserting the exogenous gene to the plasmid. E . coli is a common expression vector for the transformation process. Plasmid is the genetic material of animals that is used for ligation. Electrolysis is one process being used for ligation. Determine whether each of the following statements is right or wrong.

16. What do you think is the disadvantage of genetic engineering to the society?