Unit 2 of bs nursingBiology And Behavior New.pptx

Behaviour

1. Unit II Biology And Behavior Acknowledge FIN faculty

2. Objectives Discuss the biological influence on behavior How heredity and environment interact Discuss the research methods used in behavior genetic research

3. Biology Biology is the science of life. Its name is derived from the Greek words "bios" (life) and "logos" (study). Biologists study the structure, function, growth and origin of living beings.

4. Biological Psychology Biological psychology, also called physiological psychology, is the study of the biology of behavior, it focuses on the nervous system, hormones and genetics. The biological approach believes us to be as a consequence of our genetics and physiology. It is the only approach in psychology that examines thoughts, feelings, and behaviors from a biological and physical point of view.

5. Biological Influences on Behavior Humans are a product of both our genetic makeup and our environmental surroundings. Does one influence our behavior more than the other? It can be difficult to tell, but there are ways that scientists can better understand why we do the things we do.

6. Biological influences on behavior The study of physiology and biological processes has played a significant role in psychology since its earliest beginnings. It was Charles Darwin who first introduced the idea that evolution and genetics play a role in human behavior. Behaviors that aid in survival are more likely to be passed down while those that prove dangerous are less likely to be inherited.

7. Biological Psychologists Interested in……. Analyzing how trauma to the brain influences behaviors Investigating how degenerative brain diseases impact how people act. Exploring how genetic factors influence such things as aggression. Studying how genetics and brain damage are linked to mental disorders. Assessing the differences and similarities in twins to determine which characteristics are tied to genetics and which are linked to environmental influences.

8. B iological Theories of Behavior Diathesis- Stress Theory (Vulnerability-stress model) Predisposition i.e., diathesis (including genes) and stressful environment combine together to cause abnormal behavior. Traits are influenced by genes and by environment The diathesis-stress model is one of the most widely accepted theories for explaining the etiology of mental disorders.  Biochemical T heory: The study of behavioral patterns, including mental disorders, from the perspective of chemical changes . Very small amounts of certain chemicals in the body can cause profound changes in behavior as proved by researches.

9. Biochemical Theory Neurotransmitters and Their Role Acetylcholine: Learning, Memory and Muscle control Dopamine: Motor activity, Coordination, Emotion and Memory Epinephrine: Emotion, Stress GABA (Gamma- Amino Butyric Acid): Anxiety, Arousal, Learning Serotonin: Sensory Processing, Sleep, Arousal Glutamate: Anxiety, Mood

10. Biochemical Theory Endocrine Glands These glands form the body’s “slow” chemical communication system; a set of ductless glands that secrete hormones (special chemicals) into the bloodstream”. Low secretions of the thyroid produce anxiety like symptoms such as irritability and tension Low level of pituitary secretions produces depression like symptoms— Fatigue, apathy etc. Abnormal secretions of hormones may cause major depression

11. Nature versus Nurture One of the major debates in psychology has long centered over the relative contributions of nature versus nurture. Those who take up the nurture side of the debate suggest that it is the environment that plays the greatest role in shaping behavior. The biological perspective tends to stress the importance of nature.

12. Human Behavior Sometimes I wonder if my sister and I are really part of the same family. We have the same parents and we definitely look alike, but our personalities are so different! This is because even though we have a similar genetic makeup, our external environment also plays an important role in shaping us as individuals. Twins are even more interesting than regular siblings because even identical twins, who have the exact same DNA, can look and act differently from one another. Because different aspects of our behaviors are influenced by our genes, the environment, or a combination of the two, it can be difficult to determine which is more influential.

13. Example For example, your natural features, such as your hair and eye color, are determined by genetics. But how you style that hair and what kind of sunglasses you wear over those eyes, well, those may be part of your genetic personality, but they're also likely influenced by the people you hang out with and other social cues in your environment.

14. Heredity T he passing on of physical or mental characteristics genetically from one generation to another.

15. Heredity and Environment All traits depend both on genetic and environmental factors. Heredity and environment interact to produce their effects. This means that the way genes act depends on the environment in which they act. For example, people vary in height. Although height is highly heritable. For example, Japanese-Americans are on the average taller and heavier than their second cousins who grew up in Japan, reflecting the effect of environmental variables, especially dietary differences.

16. How Heredity and Environment Influence Behavior Every individual on this earth is different from the other. No one person is fully like other person. Like heredity, environment also has been found to play a very important role in determining the behavior and personality development of an individual.

17. Conti …. Environment includes all the external forces, influences and conditions which affect the life, nature, behavior, the growth, development and maturation of living being. The home atmosphere, parental love and affection, association with sibling, neighbors, peers, teachers, etc. will create an entirely different and new atmosphere. This is called social environment. All the social factors stated above shape the personality and behavior of the child.

18. The Internal Environment A number of environmental factors also have an effect on the course of development. The major prenatal (before birth; during or relating to pregnancy) environmental influences includes: The mother’s nutrition and state of mind Illness of mother Mother’s drug intake Birth complications

19. The External Environment The external environment supplies us with the food, water, oxygen and other chemical materials needed in the internal environment. The external environment do influence us. What we see, hear, feel and smell influences what we do. Our physical external environment is made up of all the many things in the world that affects us directly(as food does) and all the things that stimulate our sense organs(as sights and sounds do).

20. Behavioral genetics Behavioral genetics is the study of genetic and environmental influences on behaviors. By examining genetic influence, more information can be gathered about how the environment operates to affect behavior. Almost all behaviors studied by psychologists are affected by our genetic makeup, and so the question is not whether genes are important, but how do they affect these behaviors? Behavioral genetics is a field of scientific research that uses methods to investigate the nature and origins of individual differences in behavior.

21. Research on Genetic Behavior Single genes determine some traits, but many genes combine to determine most human characteristics. Sometimes a specific genetic defect can result in mental retardation, but in most cases a large number of genes influence the factors underlying the different abilities that determine a persons potential.

22. 1.) Selective Breeding Selective breeding involves selecting parents that have characteristics of interest in the hope that their offspring inherit those desirable characteristics. Selective breeding involves choosing parents with particular characteristics to breed together and produce offspring with more desirable characteristics.

23. Humans have selectively breed plants and animals for thousands of years including: Crop plants with better profits Ornamental/Decorative plants with particular flower shapes and colors Farm animals that produce more, better quality meat or wool

24.   Problems with selective breeding Selective breeding often results in a population of animals or plants with very similar genetics. Similar genetics means that the population will have the same strengths but also the same weaknesses.

25. 2.) Twin studies Twin studies reveal the importance of environmental and genetic influences for traits. Twin studies are studies conducted on identical or fraternal twins. They aim to reveal the importance of environmental and genetic influences for traits and disorders. Twin studies allow researchers to examine the overall role of genes in the development of a trait or disorder.

26. Monozygotic or identical (MZ) and Dizygotic, fraternal or non-identical (DZ)

27. Twin studies are used in behavior genetics. These studies have been used to track traits ranging from personal behavior to the presentation of severe mental illnesses such as schizophrenia. Twin research is an informative approach for understanding the genetic and environmental influences affecting behavioral, physical, and medical traits.

28. Heredity T he passing on of physical or mental characteristics genetically from one generation to another. Genetics: Scientific study of genes and heredity—of how certain qualities or traits are passed from parents to offspring as a result of changes in DNA sequence. The main difference between these two terms lies in the fact that hereditary diseases have the potential of being carried from one generation to another whereas a genetic disease can either be hereditary or not, but there will always be a mutational change in the genome.

29. Thank You