Unit 29 Metabolic Processes in Plants 1.pptx

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1. Photosynthesis

2. Autotrophs - capable of producing their own food. Photoautotrophs - depend on light in order to produce food. Heterotrophs - depend on other organisms for food. Types of Organisms A horse (heterotroph) feeding on grass (autotroph)

3. It is a series of complex processes that allows plant to produce their own food in the form of glucose. It primarily occurs in the leaves but can also occur in areas where there is chlorophyll. Photosynthesis Leaves need sunlight for photosynthesis.

4. It occurs when carbon dioxide and water , in the presence of sunlight , are converted into glucose and oxygen . Photosynthesis Chemical reaction for photosynthesis

5. Chloroplasts are plastids that contain the green pigment chlorophyll. These organelles are responsible for the production of food of plants through photosynthesis. Parts Involved in Photosynthesis Chloroplasts in thyme moss

6. Chloroplasts have two membranes which protect the structures of the chloroplast. Inner membrane Outer membrane Parts Involved in Photosynthesis Structure of a chloroplast

7. Grana are stacks of thylakoids in the inner membrane. Thylakoid is the major photosynthetic unit of the plant cell that contains chlorophyll . Parts Involved in Photosynthesis Structure of a chloroplast

8. Chlorophyll is the green pigment of the leaf that captures light energy. Stroma is the space between the membrane and the grana, where the aqueous fluid is filled. Parts Involved in Photosynthesis Structure of a chloroplast

9. Photosynthesis is not exclusive to plants alone. Organisms that can photosynthesize: Algae Cyanobacteria Organisms that Undergo Photosynthesis Cyanobacteria, a non-plant organism that can photosynthesize

10. Photosynthesis is divided into t wo major stages: T he light-reaction phase ( light-dependent phase ) T he Calvin cycle ( light-independent phase ) Stage of Photosynthesis Light-dependent phase requires light to start its process.

11. It is a process that requires the presence of light energy from the sun and converts it to adenosine triphosphate ( ATP ) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate ( NADPH ). The Light-Dependent Phase Overview of the light-dependent phase

12. It occurs in the grana. Photosystems I and II are proteins that capture and utilize the photons from the sun to power the light-dependent phase. The Light-Dependent Phase Overview of the light-dependent phase

13. This process results in the production of O₂, which is released into the atmosphere, and organic energy molecules such as ATP and NADPH . The Light-Dependent Phase Overview of the light-dependent phase

14. Light absorption and splitting of water Electron transport chain Production of ATP Hydrogen pump powered by electron acceptors Production of NADPH by re-energizing electrons Five Steps of The Light-Dependent Phase

15. Light absorption and splitting of water Light enters the chloroplast and strikes the chlorophyll, which transfers light to the photosystems. An enzyme, with the light energy, splits water (H2O) into protons (H+ ions), electrons, and oxygen (O2). Five Steps of The Light-Dependent Phase Photosystem II

16. Electron transport chain Several electron carriers relay the electrons through an electron transport chain. This movement results in the gain and loss of energy, but the net energy allows H+ ions to be actively pumped against a concentration gradient. Five Steps of The Light-Dependent Phase

17. Production of ATP ATP synthase accepts energy from H+ ions to produce ATP. Five Steps of The Light-Dependent Phase Production of ATP

18. Hydrogen pump powered by electron acceptors Electrons pass through the proton pump, and the energy from the electrons pumps H+ ions back to the thylakoids. Five Steps of The Light-Dependent Phase Production of ATP

19. Production of NADPH by re-energizing electrons Light strikes again, the chlorophyll and electrons get re-energized. The last electron acceptor moves electrons to nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP+) and H+ ions to produce NADPH. Five Steps of The Light-Dependent Phase Photosystem I

20. The light-dependent reaction of photosynthesis The Light-Dependent Phase

21. It is also known as the Calvin cycle. It does not need solar energy in order to proceed. It utilizes the ATP and NADPH produced by the light-dependent reaction. The Light-Independent Phase Overview of the light-independent phase

22. The ATP serves as a source of energy to power this reaction, and it uses CO2 to form sugar by using NADPH as a reducing agent. It takes place in the stroma . The Light-Independent Phase Overview of the light-independent phase

23. Fixation of carbon Reduction of 3-PGA Regeneration of RuBP from G3P Three Steps of The Light-Independent Phase Overview of the light-independent phase

24. Fixation of carbon Ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase ( RuBisCo ) catalyzes the reaction between CO2 and a five-carbon sugar known as ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate (RuBP). Three Steps of The Light-Independent Phase Fixation of carbon

25. Fixation of carbon The reaction results in an unstable 6-carbon molecule that splits into two molecules of 3-phosphoglycerate (3-PGA). Three Steps of The Light-Independent Phase Fixation of carbon

26. Reduction of 3-PGA The energy from ATP and hydrogens from NADPH are used to convert the 3-PGA molecules into glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate ( G3P ). Three Steps of The Light-Independent Phase Reduction of 3-PGA

27. Regeneration of RuBP from G3P Some G3P molecules are used to make glucose. Others are used to regenerate the 5-carbon RuBP acceptor. Three Steps of The Light-Independent Phase Regeneration of RuBP from G3P

28. The light-independent reaction of photosynthesis The Light- Independent Phase

29. Plants are organisms known as autotrophs , which are organisms that are capable of producing their own food. 1 Photosynthesis is the process by which plants produce their own food. It is a series of complex processes that convert light energy, carbon dioxide, and water into glucose and oxygen. 2 The process of photosynthesis is not exclusive to plants alone. Other organisms, such as some groups of bacteria, may contain chloroplasts. There are also species of non-plant algae capable of photosynthesis. 3

30. Photosynthesis is divided into two major stages: the light-reaction phase (light-dependent phase) and the Calvin cycle (light-independent phase). The light-dependent phase is a process that requires the presence of light energy from the sun. It produces ATP and NADPH. The light-independent phase is a process that utilizes the products of the previous phase to produce glucose. 4

31. Identify the item being described in each item. This is a term referring to organisms which are capable of producing their own food such as plants. This is a series of complex processes that convert light energy, carbon dioxide, and water into glucose and oxygen. This is a plant’s organelle that contains the green pigment chlorophyll. This is the organelle where the light-dependent phase occurs. This is the organelle where the light-independent phase occurs.

32. What is the significance of photons in the light-dependent reaction?