Unit 4 _Analysis and interpretation of data_editing, coding and analysis of collected data-.pptx

About analysis

1. Analysis and interpretation of data: editing, coding, and analysis of collected data Unit - 4 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

2. Contents Introduction Data processing Editing Coding Classification Tabulation

3. Introduction The data which is collected for the study itself cannot reveal everything. This being raw data, it is required to process and analyze to have the desired result. The data which is collected cannot be directly used for analysis. Before analysis, data is required to be processed.

4. Data processing Data processing is an intermediate stage between the collection of data and their analysis and interpretation, which include Checking, Editing, Coding, and Tabulation . Data processing is a crucial stage in research. After collecting the data from the field, the researcher has to process and analyze them to arrive at certain conclusions that may confirm or invalidate the hypothesis which he had formulated towards the beginning of the research worth. The mass of data collected during the fieldwork is to be processed to reduce them to manageable proportions. Only by such a careful and systematic processing, the data will lend itself to statistical treatment and meaningful interpretation and conclusion.

5. importance of Data Processing Making Data Understandable Informed Decision-Making Identifying Patterns and Trends Enhancing Efficiency Visual Representation Predictive Analysis Automation and Artificial Intelligence Improving Accuracy

6. STEPS in Data Processing Editing Coding Classification Tabulation

7. Stage I - Editing The editing of data is the first step of data processing. Editing data is a process of examining the collected raw data to detect errors and omissions and to correct these when possible. In the process of editing, a scrutiny of the completed questionnaires and/or schedules is made. Editing of data is done to ensure that the data are accurate, consistent with other data, uniformly entered , and possibly complete .

8. Stage I - Editing During the process of editing, it is also seen that Data have been well arranged to facilitate the further steps, i.e. coding and tabulation. Editing, thus involves scrutinizing the collected data to identify and minimi z e errors, incompleteness, misclassification , and gaps in the information obtained from respondents, to the extent possible. In large-scale surveys, the company undertaking the research project appoints supervisors, or editors, to edit the data.

9. Stage I - Editing Depending upon the stages at which editing is done, Editing is classified into two types: Field Editing Central Editing

10. Field editing Field editing is the process for completing the information recorded in abbreviated or in illegible form at the time of recording the respondent’s response. This sort of editing should be carried out as soon as possible after interview . In field editing completeness of the forms should be checked by person . It may be possible that the investigator might have forgotten to record the information. If investigator recorded information is incomplete form using abbreviations than it should be completed.

11. Central editing Central editing is done on the return to the office after completing all forms of schedule. This sort of editing is performed by a single editor or by a team of editors. The editors are free to correct the obvious errors such as an entry in the wrong place, an entry recorded in different units, and the like. At the central level, editors must correct various mistakes of the investigator . In case of a gap in the answers, the editor will be required to decide the proper answer to meet the gap in the answer. This can be done by reviewing the other information in the questionnaire. Sometimes despite all efforts, if the correctness of the answer is impossible then it is safe to strike out such wrong answers . All the wrong answers should be dropped by the editors.

12. Stage II - Coding Coding is the process of assigning symbols to answers , so that responses can be put into a limited number of categories or classes. The symbols assigned can be numerical or alphabetical or both .

13. coding Significance of coding It is useful in the classification of the responses into meaningful categories . It simplifies the difficult task of processing the qualitative information . One code is specific to only one kind of information so that a given response falls in only one category Rules for coding Give code numbers to each respondent and to each response. Give code numbers to qualitative responses also. Prepare the coding frame. While the editing is being performed, special coding actions are carried out. Geographic coding is in essence for the completion of automatic coding.

14. Stage III - Classification Voluminous raw data collected through a survey must be reduced into homogeneous groups in order to facilitate meaningful analysis. This is achieved through the Classification of data. Classification (Class) refers to, arranging data in groups or classes based on some common characteristics. Data having a common characteristic are placed in one class and in this way, the entire data gets divided into several classes.

15. Stage III - Classification According to Conner, "Classification is the process of arranging things (either normally or notionally) in groups or classes according to their resemblances and affinities and give expressions of the unity attributes that may subsist amongst a diversity individuals" . According to Secrist , "Classification is the process of arranging data into sequences and groups according to their common characteristics"

16. Stage III – Classification Purpose Of Classification Simplifying and condensing the data Comparison of characteristics Render data for tabulation and statistical analysis Drawing meaningful conclusions To study the relationships

17. Types of Classification Classification can be of the following two types Classification Based on Attributes Classification based on Class Intervals

18. classification Rules of classification Classification must be exhaustive without any room for doubt or confusion regarding the placement of the observations in the given classes. The classes must not overlap. Classification should be in accordance with the objectives of the inquiry. Significance of classification It is helpful in tabulation. It leads to a valid result. It makes interpretation clear and meaningful.

19. Stage IV - Tabulation Tabulation refers to the process of arranging data in a tabular format. Usually, data is presented as statistical tables , which undergo further analysis. In other words, tabulation is an orderly arrangement of data i n columns and rows.

20. Table number Table title Head notes (also known as prefatory notes) Captions (Column headings) Stubs (Row Headings) Body of the table Foot note Source note Stage IV - Tabulation Parts of Table

21. Stage IV - Tabulation : Purpose of Tabulation Tables present data in a condensed manner. Data presented is easily understandable. To furnish maximum information between two or more To facilitate easy comparison parameters of interest. Facilitates comparison. f) Data in tables can be subjected to various statistical computations (analysis of data).

22. Stage IV - Tabulation Classification of Tabulation Simple Tabulation Complex Tabulation (Cross Tabulation)

23. Stage IV - Tabulation Simple tabulation It gives information about one or more groups of independent questions. This results, in the one-way table, provide information on one characteristic of data. Complex tabulation In this type of tabulation, the data is divided into two or more categories which gives information regarding more sets of inter-related questions. It results in two-way or three-way tables which give information about several interrelated characteristics of data. This complex table is described as cross-tabulation.