Unit 4 Internet of Things communication models.pdf

Internet of Things communication models.pdf

1. Chapter1
Introduction toIoT

2. Outline
•Definition ofIoT
•Characteristics ofIoT
•Building Blocks ofIoT
•Physical design ofIoT
•Logical design ofIoT
•IoTprotocols
•IoT levels and deploymenttemplates

3. IoT
By Ms. R. R. Shevale

4. IoT
•https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GIfWNtMfYvk&t=1s
•https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q3ur8wzzhBU
•https://youtu.be/NjYTzvAVozo
•https://youtu.be/91aXs9E0qAI
•https://youtu.be/WtRpFLx34BY
•https://youtu.be/MR_-tRnfFgs

5. IoT
•Internet Of Things is Fully Networked and Connected Devices sending
analytics data back to cloud or datacenter.
•ThedefinitionofInternetofthingsisthatitisthenetworkinwhich
every object or thing is provided unique identifier and data is
transferred through a network without any verbalcommunication.
•Scope of IoT is not just limited to just connecting things to the
internet, but it allows these things to communicate and
exchange data, process them as well as control them while
executing applications.

6. Formal Definition ofIoT
•Adynamicglobalnetworkinfrastructurewithself-configuring
capabilitiesbasedonstandardandinteroperablecommunication
protocols,wherephysicalandvirtual“things”haveidentities,physical
attributes,anduseintelligentinterfaces,andareseamlesslyintegrated
intoinformationnetworkthatcommunicatedatawithusersand
environments.

7. Characteristics ofIoT
•Dynamic Global network & Self-Adapting : Adapt thechanges
w.r.t changingcontexts
•Self Configuring:Eg.Fetching latest s/w updates withoutmanual
intervention.
•Interoperable Communication Protocols : Communicate
through variousprotocols
•Unique Identity : Such as Unique IP Address or aURI
•Integrated into Information Network : This allows tocommunicate
and exchange data with other devices to perform certainanalysis.

8. Building Blocks ofIoT
Buliding
Blocksof
IoT
Sensors
Processors
Applications
Gateway

9. Buliding Blocks of IoT…..Sensors
•SensorsarethefrontendoftheIoTdevices.Theyreallymean
“things” inIoT.
•Their main task is to get necessary data from surroundings and pass it
further to database or processingsystems.
•They must be uniquely findable from there IP address because they
arebasicfrontendinterfaceinthelargenetworkofotherdevices.
•Sensors collect real time data and can either work autonomous orcan
be usercontrolled.
•Examples of sensors are: gas sensor, water quality sensor, moisture
sensor,etc.

10. Buliding Blocks of IoT…..Processors
•Processors are the brain of the IoTsystem.
•The main job of processors it to process raw data collected by the
sensors and transforms them to some meaningful information and
knowledge. In short, we can say that its job is togive intelligence to
thedata.
•Processors are easily controllable by applications and their onemore
important job is to securing data. They perform encryption and
decryption ofdata.
•Microcontroller, embedded hardware devices, etc can process the
data using processors attached within thedevices.

11. Buliding Blocks of IoT…..Gateways
Main task of gateways is to route the processed data and transfer itto
proper databases or network storage for properutilization.Other words,
Communication gatewayhelpsin communication ofthedata.
Examples of gateways are LAN, WAN, PAN,etc.

12. Buliding Blocks of IoT…..Applications
•ApplicationsareanotherendofanIoTsystem.Applicationsdoproper
utilizationofallthedatacollectedandprovideinterfacetousersto
interactwiththatdata.Theseapplicationscouldbecloudbased
applicationswhichareresponsibleforrenderingdatacollected.
Applicationsareusercontrollableandaredeliverypointsofparticular
services.
•Examplesofapplicationsare:smarthomeapps,securitysystem
controlapplications,industrialcontrolhubapplications,etc.

13. Physical Design ofIoT
•Things inIoT
•IoTProtocols

14. Things inIoT
•ReferstoIoTdeviceswhichhaveuniqueidentitiesthatcanperform
sensing,actuatingandmonitoringcapabilities.
•IoTdevicescanexchangedatawithotherconnecteddevicesorcollect
datafromotherdevicesandprocessthedataeitherlocallyorsend
thedatatocentralizedserversorcloud–basedapplicationback-ends
forprocessingthedata.

15. Generic Block Diagram of an IoTDevice
•An IoT device may consist of
several interfaces for
connections to otherdevices,
both wired andwireless.
•I/O interfaces forsensors
•Interfaces forinternet
connectivity
•Memory and storageinterfaces
•Audio/videointerfaces

16. IoTProtocols
•LinkLayer
•802.3 –Ethernet
•802.11 –WiFi
•802.16 –WiMax
•802.15.4 –LR-WPAN
•2G/3G/4G
•Network/InternetLayer
•IPv4
•IPv6
•6LoWPAN
•TransportLayer
•TCP
•UDP
•ApplicationLayer
•HTTP
•CoAP
•WebSocket
•MQTT
•XMPP
•DDS
•AMQP
Bahga & Madisetti, ©2015Book website:http://www.internet-of-things-book.com

17. IoT Protocols…LinkLayer…Ethernet
Sr.NoStandardSharedmedium
1 802.3 Coaxial Cable…10BASE5
2 802.3.iCopper Twisted pair…..10BASE-T
3 802.3.jFiberOptic……10BASE-F
4 802.3.aeFiber…..10Gbits/s
Data Rates are provided from 10Gbit/s to 40Gb/s andhigher

18. IoT Protocols…LinkLayer…WiFi
Sr.NoStandardOperatesin
1 802.11a5 GHzband
2 802.11b
and802.11g
2.4GHzband
3 802.11.n2.4/5 GHzbands
4 802.11.ac5GHzband
5 802.11.ad60Hzband
•Collection of WirelessLAN
•Data Rates from 1Mb/s to 6.75Gb/s

19. IoT Protocols…LinkLayer…WiMax
Sr.NoStandardDataRate
1 802.16m100Mb/s for mobilestations
1Gb/s for fixedstations
•Collection of Wireless Broadbandstandards
•Data Rates from 1.5Mb/s to 1Gb/s

20. IoT Protocols…LinkLayer…LR-WPAN
•Collection of standards for low-rate wireless personalarea
networks
•Basis for high level communication protocols such asZigbee
•Data Rates from 40Kb/s to250Kb/s
•Provide low-cost and low-speed communication forpower
constraineddevices

21. IoT Protocols…Link Layer…2G/3G/4G –Mobile
Communication
Sr.NoStandardOperatesin
1 2G GSM-CDMA
2 3G UMTS and CDMA2000
3 4G LTE
•Data Rates from 9.6Kb/s (for 2G) to up to 100Mb/s (for4G)

22. IoT Protocols…Network/InternetLayer
•Responsible for sending of IP datagrams from source todestination
network
•Performs the host addressing and packetrouting
•Host identification is done using hierarchical IP addressing schemes such
as IPV4 orIPV6

23. Parameter EtherNet WiFi WiMax LR-
WPAN(ZigBee)
Cellular
Used Insideoffices
andhouses
Outsideoffices
andhouses
Outsideoffices
andhouses
Outsideoffices
andhouses
Outsideoffices
andhouses
IEEE
Standards:
802.3 802.11 802.16 802.15.4
Range 100mtrs 100mrts 80-90kms 10-100mtrs 1-5kms
DataTransfer
Rate
10Mbps-
100Mbp
s
54Mbps 40Mbps 250kbit/s 100Kbps
-
1MBps
Application Houses, Offices,
Industries
Mobile
Applications,
Video
Conferenci
ng
MetroPolitan
AreaNetwork
SmartMetering,
Home
Automation
(Alexa), Smart
AssetTracking
Camera on
TrafficLight,
Video on
Demand

24. IoT Protocols…NetworkLayer
•IPV4
•Used to identify thedevices on a network using hierarchical addressing scheme
•Uses 32-bit addressscheme
•IPV6
•Uses 128-bit addressscheme
•6LoWPAN (IPV6 over Low power Wireless Personal AreaNetwork)
•Used for devices with limited processingcapacity
•Operates in 2.4Ghz
•Data Rates of250Kb/s

25. IoT Protocols…TransportLayer
•Provide end-to-end message transfer capability independentof
the underlyingnetwork
•It provides functions such as error control, segmentation,flow-
control and congestioncontrol

26. IoTProtocols…TCP
•Transmission ControlProtocol
•ConnectionOriented
•Ensures Reliabletransmission
•Provides Error Detection Capability toensure no duplicacy of packets and retransmit
lostpackets
•FlowControlcapabilitytoensurethesendingdatarateisnottoohighforthereceiver
process
•Congestion control capability helps in avoiding congestion which leads todegradation
of n/wperformance

27. IoTProtocols…UDP
•User DatagramProtocol
•Connectionless
•Does not ensures Reliabletransmission
•Does not do connection beforetransmitting
•Does not provide proper ordering ofmessages
•Transaction oriented andstateless

28. IoT Protocols…Application Layer…Hyper Transfer
Protocol
•Forms foundation of World WideWeb(WWW)
•Includes commands such as GET,PUT, POST, HEAD, OPTIONS,TRACE..etc
•Follows a request-responsemodel
•Uses Universal Resource Identifiers(URIs) to identify HTTPresources

29. IoT Protocols…ApplicationLayer…CoAP
•Constrained ApplicationProtocol
•Used for Machine to machine (M2M) applications meant forconstrained
devices andn/w’s
•Web transfer protocol for IoT and uses request-response
model
•Uses client –serverarchitecture
•Supports methods such as GET,POST, PUT andDELETE

30. IoT Protocols…ApplicationLayer…WebSocket
•Allows full-duplex communication over singlesocket
•Based onTCP
•Client can be a browser, IoT device or mobileapplication
IoT Protocols…ApplicationLayer…MQTT
•Message Queue Telemetry Transport , light-weight messagingprotocol
•Based on publish-subscribemodel
•Well suited for constrained environments where devices have limited processing,low
memory and n/w bandwithrequirement

31. IoT Protocols…ApplicationLayer…XMPP
•Extensible messaging and presenceprotocol
•For Real time communication and streaming XML data between n/w
entities
•Used for Applications such as Multi-party chat and voice/videocalls.
•Decentralized protocol and uses client serverarchitecture.

32. IoT Protocols…ApplicationLayer…DDS
•Data Distribution service is a data-centric middleware standard for
device-to-device or machine-to-machinecommunication.
•Publish subscribe model where publishers create topics towhich
subscribers canuse.
•Provides Quality-of-service control and configurablereliability.

33. IoT Protocols…ApplicationLayer…AMQP
•Advanced Messaging Queuing Protocol used for businessmessaging.
•Supports both point-to-point and publisher/subscriber models, routing
andqueuing
•Broker here receives messages from publishers and route themover
connections to consumers through messagingqueues.

34. Parameter HTTP CoAP XMPP(Op
e n
XML)
DDS AMQP MQTT
ProtocolTCP UDP TCP TCP and
UDP
TCP TCP
Networ
k Layer
IP 6LowPAN IP IP IP IP
Architect
u re
Client
-
Server
Client-
Serverand
Publish-
Subscribe
Client-
Serverand
Publish-
Subscribe
Publish-
Subscrib
e
Client
-
Server
Publish-
Subscrib
e
Synchro
ni zation
Needed NoNeed Needed Sometime
s Needed,
Sometime
s Not
Needed Needed
Designe
d for
InternetIoT/M2M IoT/M2M RealTime
SYstems
M2M IoT/M2M
Applicati
o n
WWW Retrievin
g Sensor
Data
WhatsApp
, Gaming,
Google
Talk
Volswagen
SmartCars
for Video
Assistance
Googl
e
Cloud
Facebook
Messenge
r

35. Logical Design ofIoT
•LogicaldesignofanIoTsystem
refersto an abstract
representationoftheentitiesand
processeswithoutgoingintothe
low-levelspecificsofthe
implementation.
•AnIoTsystemcomprisesa
numberoffunctionalblocksthat
thesystem the
for
provide
capabilitie
s sensing,
identification,
actuation,
communication andmanagement.
Bahga & Madisetti, ©2015Book website:http://www.internet-of-things-book.com

36. Logical Design ofIoT
•Device : Devices such as sensing, actuation, monitoring and controlfunctions.
•Communication : IoTProtocols
•Services like device monitoring, device control services, data publishing services and
devicediscovery
•Management : Functions to govern thesystem
•Security : Functions as authentication, authorization, message and content integrity,
and datasecurity
•Applications
Bahga & Madisetti, ©2015Book website:http://www.internet-of-things-book.com

37. CommunicationModels

38. Request–Response CommunicationModel
•Request–Response is a
communicationmodelinwhich
theclientsendsrequeststothe
serverandtheserverrespondsto
therequests.
•Whentheserverreceivesa
request,itdecideshowto
respond,fetchesthedata,
retrieves resource
representations,preparesthe
responseandthensendsthe
responsetotheclient.
•Stateless communicationmodel
Bahga & Madisetti, ©2015Book website:http://www.internet-of-things-book.com

39. Publish–Subscribe CommunicationModel
•Publish–Subscribe is a
communicationmodelthat
involvespublishers,brokersand
consumers.
•Publishersarethesourceofdata.
Publisherssendthedatatothe
topicswhicharemanagedbythe
broker.Publishersarenotaware
oftheconsumers.
•Consumerssubscribetothetopics
whicharemanagedbythebroker.
•Whenthebrokerreceivesdatafor
atopicfromthepublisher,it
sendsthedatatoallthe
subscribedconsumers.
Bahga & Madisetti, ©2015Book website:http://www.internet-of-things-book.com

40. Push–Pull CommunicationModel
•Push–Pullisacommunication
modelinwhichthedata
producerspushthedatato
queuesandtheconsumerspull
thedatafromthequeues.
Producersdonotneedtobe
awareoftheconsumers.
•Queueshelpindecouplingthe
messagingbetweentheproducers
andconsumers.
•Queuesalsoactasabufferwhich
helpsinsituationswhenthereisa
mismatchbetweentherateat
whichtheproducerspushdata
andtherateatwhichthe
consumerspulldata.
Bahga & Madisetti, ©2015Book website:http://www.internet-of-things-book.com

41. Exclusive Pair CommunicationModel
•ExclusivePairisa
bidirectional,fullyduplex
communicationmodelthat
usesapersistentconnection
betweentheclientandthe
server.
•Oncetheconnectionisset
upit,remainsopenuntilthe
clientsendsarequestto
closetheconnection.
•Clientandservercansend
messagestoeachotherafter
connectionsetup.
Bahga & Madisetti, ©2015Book website:http://www.internet-of-things-book.com

42. CommunicationAPIs

43. REST-based CommunicationAPIs
•RepresentationalStateTransfer
(REST)isasetofarchitectural
principlesbywhichyoucan
designwebservicesandweb
APIsthatfocusonasystem’s
resourcesandhowresource
statesareaddressedand
transferred.
•REST APIs follow therequest–
response communication
model.
•RESTarchitecturalconstraints
applytothecomponents,
connectorsanddataelements
withinadistributed
hypermediasystem. Bahga & Madisetti, ©2015Book website:http://www.internet-of-things-book.com

44. REST-based Communication APIsConstraints
•Client –Server
•Stateless
•Cacheable
•LayeredSystem
•UniformInterface
•Code ondemand
Bahga & Madisetti, ©2015Book website:http://www.internet-of-things-book.com
Client
Server
Request
Response
Request
Response

45. WebSocket-based CommunicationAPIs
•WebSocket APIs allow bi-
directional, full duplex
communication between
clients andservers.
•WebSocket APIs follow the
exclusive pair
communicationmodel.
Bahga & Madisetti, ©2015Book website:http://www.internet-of-things-book.com

46. Comparison Basedon REST Websocket
State Stateless Stateful
Directional Unidirectional Bidirectional
Req-Res/FullDuplex Follow Request ResponseModel Exclusive PairModel
TCPConnections Each HTTP request involves setting
up a new TCPConnection
Involves a single TCP
Connection for allrequests
HeaderOverhead Each request carries HTTPHeaders,
hence not suitable forreal-time
Does not involve overheadof
headers.
Scalability Both horizontal and verticalare
easier
Only Vertical iseasier
Difference between REST and WebSocket-based
CommunicationAPIs

47. IoT EnablingTechnologies
•Wireless SensorNetwork
•CloudComputing
•Big DataAnalytics
•EmbeddedSystems

48. WSN
•Distributed Devices with sensors used to monitor theenvironmental
and physicalconditions
•Consists of several end-nodes acting as routers or coordinatorstoo
•Coordinators collects data from all nodes /acts as gateway that
connects WSN tointernet
•Routers route the data packets from end nodes tocoordinators.

49. ExampleofWSNsinIoT&Protocolsused
Example
•Weather monitoringsystem
•Indoor Air quality monitoringsystem
•Soil moisture monitoringsystem
•Survelliancesystems
•Health monitoringsystems
Protocols
•Zigbee

50. CloudComputing
•Deliver applications and services overinternet
•Provides computing, networking and storage resources ondemand
•Cloud computing performs services such as Iaas, Paas andSaas
•Iaas: RentInfrastructure
•Paas : supply an on-demand environment for developing, testing,
delivering and managing softwareapplications.
•Saas : method for delivering software applications over theInternet,
on demand and typically on a subscriptionbasis.

51. Big DataAnalytics
•Collectionofdatawhosevolume,velocityorvarietyistoolargeand
difficult to store, manage, process and analyze the data using
traditionaldatabases.
•It involves data cleansing, processing andvisualization
•Lots of data is being collected andwarehoused
•Web data,e-commerce
•purchases at department/ grocerystores
•Bank/Credit Cardtransactions
•SocialNetwork

52. Big DataAnalytics
Variety Includes different types ofdata
•Structured
•Unstructured
•SemiStructured
•All ofabove

53. Big DataAnalytics
Velocity Refers to speed at which data isprocessed
•Batch
•Real-time
•STreams

54. Big DataAnalytics
Volume refers to the amount ofdata
•Terabyte
•Records
•Transactions
•Files
•Tables

55. IoT Levels and DeploymentTemplates
AnIoTsystemcomprisesthefollowingcomponents:
•Device:AnIoTdeviceallowsidentification,remotesensing,actuatingand
remotemonitoringcapabilities.
•Resource:ResourcesaresoftwarecomponentsontheIoTdevicefor
accessing,processingandstoringsensorinformation,orforcontrolling
actuatorsconnectedtothedevice.Resourcesalsoincludethesoftware
componentsthatenablenetworkaccessforthedevice.
•ControllerService:Controllerserviceisanativeservicethatrunsonthe
deviceandinteractswiththewebservices.Controllerservicesendsdata
fromthedevicetothewebserviceandreceivescommandsfromthe
application(viawebservices)forcontrollingthedevice.
Bahga & Madisetti, ©2015Book website:http://www.internet-of-things-book.com

56. IoT Levels and DeploymentTemplates
•Database:Databasecanbeeitherlocalorinthecloudandstoresthedata
generated by the IoTdevice.
•WebService:Web services serve as a link between the IoT device,
application, database andanalysiscomponents.Web service can be
implemented using HTTP and REST principles (REST service) or using the
WebSocket protocol (WebSocketservice).
•Analysis Component: This is responsible for analyzing the IoT dataand
generatingresultsinaformthatiseasyfortheusertounderstand.
•Application: IoT applications provide an interface that theusers can use to
control and monitor various aspects of the IoT system. Applications also
allowuserstoviewthesystemstatusandtheprocesseddata.
Bahga & Madisetti, ©2015Book website:http://www.internet-of-things-book.com

57. IoTLevel-1
•Alevel-1IoTsystemhasa
singlenode/device
performssensing
that
and/or
actuation,storesdata,
performsanalysisandhosts
theapplication.
•Level-1IoTsystemsare
suitableformodellinglow-
costandlow-complexity
solutionswherethedata
involvedisnotbigandthe
analysisrequirementsare
computationallynot
intensive.
Bahga & Madisetti, ©2015Book website:http://www.internet-of-things-book.com

58. IoT –Level 1 Example …Home Automation
System

59. IoTLevel-2
•A level-2 IoT system has a
single node thatperforms
sensing and/or actuation
and localanalysis.
•Data is stored in the cloud
and the application isusually
cloud-based.
•Level-2 IoT systems are
suitable for solutionswhere
the data involved is big;
however, the primary
analysis requirement is not
computationally intensive
and can be donelocally.
Bahga & Madisetti, ©2015Book website:http://www.internet-of-things-book.com

60. IoT –Level 2 Example …Smart Irrigation

61. IoTLevel-3
•A level-3 IoT system has a
single node. Data isstored
and analyzed in the cloud
and the application is
cloud-based.
•Level-3IoTsystemsare
suitableforsolutions
wherethedatainvolvedis
requirements
bigandtheanalysis
are
computationally
intensive.
Bahga & Madisetti, ©2015Book website:http://www.internet-of-things-book.com

62. IoT –Level 3 Example …Tracking Package
Handling
Sensors used accelrometer andgyroscope

63. IoTLevel-4
•A level-4 IoT system has multiple
nodes that perform local analysis.
Data is stored in the cloud andthe
application iscloud-based.
•Level-4 contains local and cloud-
based observer nodes which can
subscribe to and receive
information collected in thecloud
from IoTdevices.
•Level-4 IoT systems are suitable
for solutions where multiple
nodes are required, the data
involved is big and the analysis
requirements are computationally
intensive.
Bahga & Madisetti, ©2015Book website:http://www.internet-of-things-book.com

64. IoT –Level 3 Example …Noise Monitoring
Sound Sensors areused

65. IoTLevel-5
•Alevel-5IoTsystemhasmultipleend
nodesandonecoordinatornode.
•Theendnodesperformsensing
and/oractuation.
•Thecoordinatornodecollectsdata
fromtheendnodesandsendsitto
thecloud.
•Dataisstoredandanalyzedinthe
cloudandtheapplicationiscloud-
based.
•Level-5 IoT systems are suitable for
solutions based on wireless sensor
networks, in which the datainvolved
is big and the analysis requirements
are computationallyintensive.
Bahga & Madisetti, ©2015Book website:http://www.internet-of-things-book.com

66. IoTLevel-6
•A level-6 IoT system has multiple
independent end nodes that
perform sensing and/oractuation
and send data to thecloud.
•Data is stored in the cloud andthe
application iscloud-based.
•The analytics component analyzes
the data and stores the results in
the clouddatabase.
•The results are visualized withthe
cloud-basedapplication.
•The centralized controller isaware
of the status of all the end nodes
and sends control commands to
thenodes.
Bahga & Madisetti, ©2015Book website:http://www.internet-of-things-book.com

67. IoT Issues andChallenges
Security
•Cyber Attacks, DataTheft
Privacy
•Controlling access and ownership ofdata.
InterOperability
•IntegrationInflexibility
Legality andRights
•Data Protection laws be followed, Data Retention and destructionpolicies
Economy andDevelopment
•Investment Incentives, Technical SkillREquirement

68. Emerging Trends ofIoT
ArtificialIntelligence
Blockchain
MachineLearning
DataAnalytics