unit 4 research design and approach.pptx

tyoes of designs in nursing

1. UNIT-4 RESEARCH DESIGN AND APPROACH

2. CONTENT Define qualitative and quantitative approaches Describe the terms used in these approaches List the main types of qualitative and quantitative research designs Discuss methods of qualitative and quantitative research approaches in nursing Explain the advantages and disadvantages of these approaches

3. INTRODUCTION After going through the descriptions of various types of researches, one fact that comes to light is that there are two basic approaches to research, namely 1. quantitative approach and 2.qualitative approach. Research design is the researcher’s overall plan for obtaining answers to the research questions . Research design comprises methodological decisions that the researcher makes to accomplish the objectives of the research project.

4. DEFINITION The research design is the master plan specifying the methods & procedures for collecting & analyzing the needed information in a research study . A research design is a plan of how, when and where data are to be collected and analysed .

5. Research design can be defined as a blue print to conduct a research study, which involves the description of research approach , study setting , sampling size , sampling technique , tool & methods of data collection & analysis to answer specific research questions or for testing research hypothesis Research design is the researcher's overall plan for answering the research questions or testing the research hypotheses.

6. ELEMENTS OF RESEARCH DESIGN

7. ELEMENTS OF RESEARCH DESIGN E L EM E N T S APPROACH & POPULATION, SAMPLE SAMPLING TECHNI QUE METHOD OF ANALYSIS TOOL & METHODS TIME & METHOD OF DATA COLLECTION Qualitative Quantitative Both With /witho ut c on c ep tual frame work

8. SELECTION OF RESEARCH DESIGN Research design are plans and procedures for research. To meet aims and objectives of a study, researchers must select the most appropriate design. The selection of the research design depends on the nature of research problem,the resources available,accessability of subjects,and research ethics.

9. FACTORS AFFECTING SELECTION OF RESEARCH DESIGN Nature of the research problem. Purpose of the study. Researcher’s knowledge & experience. Researcher’s interest & motivation. Research ethics & principles. Subjects & participants. Resources. Time. Possible control on extraneous variables. Users of the study findings.

10. VALIDITY OF RESEARCH DESIGNS There are two different criteria for evaluating the credibility and dependability of the research results. Internal validity External validity

11. INTERNAL VALIDITY THREATS TO INTERNAL VALIDITY History. Maturation o f subjects . Testing . Instrumentation change. Mortality. S e lection bias.

12. EXTERNAL VALIDITY F A C T O R S A F F E C TIN G EXTERN A L V ALIDITY Hawthrone Effect. Experimental Effect. Reactive effect of pre test. Novelty effect. P eople. Place. Time

13. TYPES RESEARCH DESIGN

14. TYP E S Q U ANTI T A T I VE RESEARCH DESIGN Q U ALI T A TIVE RESEARCH DESIGN

15. QUANTITAVE RESEARCH DESIGN Quantitative research is a formal, objective, and systematic process. It is used to describe variables,test relationships between variables, and examine cause and effect interactions among variables. The quantitative research process involves conceptualizing, planning, implementing, and communicating the findings of a quantitative research project.

16. QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH DESIGN

17. QUANTITATIVE RSEARCH DESIGNS

18. TYPES OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH DESIGN EXPERIMENTAL D E SIGN NON EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN R ADDITIO NA L DESIGN

19. EXPERIMENTA L RESEARCH DESIGNS TRUE EXPERIMEN T AL DESIGN Q U ASI D E SIGN PRE EXPERIMENTAL EXPERIMENTAL D E SI G N

20. EXPERIMEN T AL RESEARCH DESIGNS

21. F E A TUR E S CATEGORY RESEARCH DESIGN FEATURES EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH DESIGN TRUE EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: Post-test-only control design Pre –test-post test control group design 3.Solomon four-group design 4.Factorial design 5.Randomized block design 6.Cross over design MANIPULATION OF INDEPENCEN VARIABLE, IN THE PRESENCE OF CONTROL GROUP. RANDOMIZATION

22. CATEGORY R E S E A R CH DESIGN FEATURES EXPE R IM E N T AL RESEARCH DESIGN QUASI EXPE R IM E N T AL DESIGN: 1.Non randomized control group design. 2.Time series design M anipul a t i on of independent variable absence of either r an d omi za tion or control group

23. CATEGORY R E S E A R CH DESIGN FEATURES EXPERIMEN T AL RESEARCH DESIGN PRE EXPERIMEN T AL DESIGN: One shot case design One group pre test post test design Manip u l a tion of independent variable Limited control over extraneous variables No randomization & control group

24. NON EXPERIM E N T AL RESEARCH DESIGNS

25. D E SI GNS CATEGORY RESEARCH DESIGN NON EXPERIMENTAL 1.DESCRIPTIVE DESIGN. RESEARCH DESIGN 2.CORRELATIONAL DESIGN/EX POST FACTO DESIGN 3DEVELOPMENTAL RESEARCH DESIGN 4.EPIDEMIOLOGICAL DESIGNS 5.SURVEY RESEARCH DESIGN

26. DESCRIPTIV E DESIGN TYPE FEATURE UNIVARIENT DESCRIPTIVE DESIGN EXPLORATORY DESCRIPTIVE DESIGN ACCURATE DESCRIPTION OF CHARACTERISTICS OF INDIVIDUAL, SITUATION, OR GROUP & 3.COMPARITIVE DESCRIPTIVE DESIGN THE FREQUENCY WITH WHICH A CERTAIN PHENOMENON OCCURS IN A NATURAL SETTING WITHOUT IMPOSING ANY CONTROL OR MANIPULATION.

27. D E SC R I P TIVE DESIGN FEATURE UNIVARIENT Studies under DESCRIPTIVE taken to describe DESIGN the frequency of occurrence of a phenomenon rather than to study relationship

28. D E SC R I P TIVE DESIGN FEATURE EXP L OR A T O R Y DESCRIPTIVE DESIGN Investigating the phenomenon & its related factors about which very little is known

29. D E SC R I P TIVE DESIGN FEATURE COMPARITIVE CPMPARING DESCRIPTIVE OCCURANCES DESIGN OF A PHENOMENON IN TWO OR MORE GROUPS

30. CORRELATIONAL DESIGN C OR R EL A TIONAL DESIGN FEATURE P R OSP E C TIVE DESIGN RET R OSP E C TIVE DESIGN EXAMINING THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN TWO OR MORE VARIABLES IN A NATURAL SETTING WITH OUT MANIPULATION OR CONTROL ( CAUSE & EFFECT RELATIONSHIP)

31. DEVELOPMENTAL RESEARCH DESIGN DEVELOPMENTAL RESEARCH DESIGN FEATURE CROSS SECTIONAL DESIGN LONGITUDINAL DESIGN EXAMINING THE PHENOMENON IN RESPECT TO THE TIME. 1.CROSS SECTIONAL : Examining the phenomenon only at one point in time. 2.LONGITUDINAL: Examining the phenomenon at more than one point in time .

32. EPIDEMIOLOGICAL DESIGNS EPIDEMIO L OGICAL DESIGN FEATURE CASE CONTROL STUDIES COHORT STUDIES THE INVESTIGATION OF DISTRIBUTION & CAUSES OF DISEASES IN A POPULATION

33. SURVEY RESEARCH DESIGN SURVEY RESEARCH DESIGN FEATURE SURVEY STUDIES ARE INVESTIGATION IN WHICH SELF REPORTED DATA ARE COLLECTED FROM SAMPLE …… WITH THE PURPOSE OF DESCRIBING POPULATION ON SOME VARIABLES OF INTEREST

34. OTHER ADDITIONAL DESIGN

35. D E SIGNS CATEGORY RESEARCH DESIGN OTHER ADDITIONAL RESEARCH DESIGNS METHODOLOGICAL STUDIES META ANALYSIS SECONDARY DATA ANALYSIS OUTCOME RESEARCH EVALUATION STUDIES OPERATIONAL RESEARCH

36. CATEGORY RESEARCH DESIGN OTHER ADDITIONAL RESEARCH DESIGNS PH E NOMENO L OGICAL RESEARCH. ETHNOGRAPHIC RESEARCH 9.GROUNDED THEORY CASE STUDIES. H I S T ORICAL RESEARCH ACTION RESEARCH

37. METHODOLOGICAL STUDIES METHO D O L OGICAL STUDY FEATURE RESEARCH CONDUCTED TO DEVELOP, TEST & EVALUATE THE RESEARCH INSTRUMENTS & METHODS

38. META ANALYSIS META ANALYSIS FEATURE QUANTITATIVELY COMBINING & INTEGRATING THE FINDINGS OF THE MULTIPLE RESEARCH STUDIES ON A PARTICULAR TOPIC

39. SECONDARY DATA ANALYSIS SECONDARY DATA ANALYSIS FEATURE A RESEARCH DESIGN IN WHICH THE DATA COLLECTED IN ONE RESEARCH IS RE ANALYZED BY ANOTHER RESEARCHER , USUALLY TO TEST A NEW HYPOTHESIS

40. OUT COME RESEARCH OUT COME RESEARCH FEATURE OUTCOME RESEARCH INVOLVES THE EVALUATION OF CARE PRACTICES & SYSTEMS IN PLACE. IT IS USED IN NURSING TO DEVELOP EVIDENCED BASED PRACTICE & IMPROVE NURSING ACTIONS

41. EVALUATION STUDIES EVALUATION STUDIES FEATURES IT IS A RESEASRCH DESIGN WHICH INVOLVES THE JUDGMENT ABOUT SUCCESS OF A PROGRAMMES, PRACTICES, PROCEDURES, OR POLICIES

42. OPERATIONAL RESEARCH OPERATIONAL RESEARCH FEATURE INVOLOVES THE STUDY OF COMPLEX HUMAN ORGANIZATIONS & SERVICES TO DEVELOP NEW KNOWLEDGE ABOUT INSTITUTIONS, PROGRAMMES, USE OF FACILITIES & PERSONNEL IN ORDER TO IMPROVE WORKING EFFICIENCY OF AN ORGANIZATION

43. Q U ALI T A TIVE RESEARCH DESIGNS

44. PHENOMENOLOGICAL RESEARCH PHENOMENO L OGICAL RESEARCH FEATURE PHENOMENO L OGIC AL RESEARCH EXAMINES HUMAN EXPERIENCES THROUGH THE DESCRIPTIONS PROVIDED BY PEOPLE INVOLVED .

45. ETHNOGRAPHIC RESEARCH ETHNOG R APHIC RESEARCH FEATURES INVOLVES THE INFORMATION COLLECTED FROM CERTAIN CULTURAL GROUPS, BY LIVING WITH PEOPLE OF THOSE GROUPS & FROM THEIR KEY INFORMANTS, WHO ARE BELIEVED TO BE THE MOST KNOWLEDGEABLE ABOUT THE SELECTED CULTURE

46. GROUNDED THEORY G R OU N DED THEORY FEATURES GROUNDED Theory is THEORY developed inductively from a corpus of data acquired by a participant observer

47. CASE STUDIES CASE STUDIES FEATURES CASE STUDIES Research on a phenomenon by studying in depth a single case example. The case can be an individual person, an event, a group or an institution.

48. HISTORICAL RESEARCH HISTORICAL RESEARCH FEATURE HISTORICAL RESEARCH Systematic collection & objective evaluation of data related to past occurrences in order to test hypotheses concerning causes, effects, or trends of these events that may help to explain present events & anticipate future events .

49. ACTION RESEARCH ACTION R E S E A R CH FEATURES ACTION Seeks action to RESEARCH improve practices & study the effect of the action that was taken

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