Unit 5 _Contribution to Microbiology by eminent personalities in the field of Microbiology_pptx.pdf

Basic of microbiology

1. Course designed by Microbiologists Society ,India
President :Dr A M Deshmukh
Course Coordinator : Dr Sanjeev Patankar
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Module Contribution by Faculty
Module 1: Dr Bela Nabar
Module 2: Dr Minal Trivedi
Module 3: Dr DilectaD’Costa
Module 4: Dr Archana Ayyagari
Module 5: Dr D Dhansekaran

2. Contribution to Microbiology by eminent scientist in the
field of Microbiology
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Dr Bela Nabar
Prof & Head ,Department of Microbiology
SmtCHM College
Mumbai University
DistThane ,Maharashtra -421003

3. Learning outcomes
•The overview of research inventions by scientist is put
forward in the unit .
•The learners will get an overview of the scientific
discoveries
•The learners will get to know the Nobel prize winners .
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4. Paul Ehrlich
•Paul Ehrlich was a Nobel Prize-winning German physician and scientist who worked in
the fields of hematology, immunology, and antimicrobial chemotherapy. He found a cure for
syphilis in 1909 and inventing the technique to stain tissue & made it possible to distinguish
between different types of blood cells, which led to the ability to diagnose numerous blood
diseases.
•The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1908 was awarded jointly to Ilya Ilyich Mechnikovand
Paul Ehrlich in recognition of their work on immunity.
•His laboratory discovered arsphenamine (Salvarsan), the first effective medicinal treatment for
syphilis, thereby initiating the concept of chemotherapy. Ehrlich popularized the concept of a
magic bullet. He also made a decisive contribution to the development of an antiserum to combat
diphtheria and conceived a method for standardizing therapeutic serums.
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5. Edward Jenner
•EdwardJenner,wasanEnglishphysicianandscientistwhopioneeredthe
conceptofvaccinesandcreatedthesmallpoxvaccine,theworld'sfirst
vaccine.ThetermsvaccineandvaccinationarederivedfromVariolaevaccinae,
thetermdevisedbyJennertodenotecowpox.
•Heuseditin1798inthetitleofhisInquiryintotheVariolaevaccinaeknownas
theCowPox,inwhichhedescribedtheprotectiveeffectofcowpoxagainst
smallpox.
•IntheWest,Jennerisoftencalled"thefatherofimmunology",andhiswork
issaidtohavesaved"morelivesthananyotherman".
•In1821,hewasappointedphysiciantoKingGeorgeIV,andwasalsomade
mayorofBerkeleyandjusticeofthepeace.HewasamemberoftheRoyal
Society.Inthefieldofzoology,hewasamongthefirstmodernscholarsto
describethebroodparasitismofthecuckoo.
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6. Renato Dulbeco
•RenatoDulbeccowasanItalian–Americanvirologist
whowonthe1975NobelPrizeinPhysiologyorMedicineforhiswork
ononcoviruses,whicharevirusesthatcancausecancerwhenthey
infectanimalcells.
•Throughadecade-longseriesofexperimentsthatbeganinthelate1950s—firstatthe
CaliforniaInstituteofTechnology(Caltech)inPasadenaandthenattheSalkInstituteinLa
Jolla,California—heandhisco-workersdemonstratedthatthebehaviourofcancercells
couldbetraceddirectlytoacquiredgenes.Somevirusescanintegratetheirgenomesintohost
cellDNA,inducinguncontrolledcellgrowth—thehallmarkofacancercell.Fortheseearly
cluestothegeneticoriginsofcancer,Dulbeccosharedthe1975Nobelprizewiththelate
HowardTemin,hisformerstudent,andwithDavidBaltimore
•In1952,hedevelopedtheplaqueassayforWesternequineencephalomyelitisvirus:asystem
thatallowedresearcherstodeterminethenumberofbiologicallyactiveviralparticlesina
samplebycountingthenumberofdiscreteplaques,orclearspots,whereasinglevirusandits
progenyhadkilledhostcells.
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7. DavidBaltimore & Howard Temin
•TheNobelPrizeinPhysiologyorMedicine1975wasawarded
jointlytoDavidBaltimore,RenatoDulbeccoandHowardMartin
Temin "fortheirdiscoveriesconcerningtheinteractionbetween
tumourvirusesandthegeneticmaterialofthecell"
•Thesimultaneousdiscoveryin1970ofreversetranscriptaseinvirionsof
retrovirusesbyHowardTeminandDavidBaltimorewasperhapsthemost
dramaticscientificmomentofthesecondhalfofthe20thcentury
•HowardMartinTeminwasanAmericangeneticistandvirologist.Hediscovered
reversetranscriptaseinthe1970sattheUniversityofWisconsin–Madison,for
whichhesharedthe1975NobelPrizeinPhysiologyorMedicinewithRenato
DulbeccoandDavidBaltimorefordiscoveringreversetranscriptase,theenzyme
usedtotransferinformationfromRNAtoDNAand
for"theirdiscoveriesconcerningtheinteractionof
tumorvirusesandthegeneticmaterialofthecell."
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8. Robert Gallo
•RobertCharlesGalloisanAmericanbiomedicalresearcher.Heisbestknownfor
hisroleinestablishingthehumanimmunodeficiencyvirus(HIV)asthe
infectiousagentresponsibleforacquiredimmunedeficiencysyndrome(AIDS)and
inthedevelopmentoftheHIVbloodtest.
•Galloisthedirectorandco-founderoftheInstituteofHumanVirology(IHV)attheUniversityof
MarylandSchoolofMedicineinBaltimore,Maryland,establishedin1996inapartnershipincluding
theStateofMarylandandtheCityofBaltimore.
•GallowasnamedthefirstHomer&MarthaGudelskyDistinguishedProfessorinMedicine.
Galloisalsoaco-founderofbiotechnologycompanyProfectusBioSciences,Inc.andco-founderand
scientificdirectoroftheGlobalVirusNetwork(GVN).
•Galloandhiscollaboratorspublishedaseriesoffourpapersinthescientific
journalSciencedemonstratingthataretrovirustheyhadisolated,calledHTLV-IIIinthebeliefthat
theviruswasrelatedtotheleukemiavirusesofGallo'searlierwork,wasthecauseofAIDS
•GallowasawardedhissecondLaskerAwardin1986for"determiningthattheretrovirusnowknown
asHIV-1isthecauseofAcquiredImmuneDeficiencySyndrome(AIDS)."Heistheonlyrecipientoftwo
LaskerAwards.In1986,Gallo,DharamAblashi,andSyedZakiSalahuddindiscoveredhuman
herpesvirus6(HHV-6),laterfoundtocauseRoseolainfantum,aninfantiledisease.
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9. Luc Montagnier
RetrovirusesareviruseswhosegenomesconsistofRNAandwhose
genescanbeincorporatedintohostcellsDNA.
In1983,LucMontaignerandFrançoiseBarré-Sinoussidiscoveredaretrovirusin
patientswithswollenlymphglandsthatattackedlymphocytes–akindofbloodcellthatisvery
importanttothebody'simmune system.Theretrovirus,laternamedHuman
Immunodeficiency Virus(HIV),provedtobethecauseoftheimmunodeficiency
diseaseAIDS.
ThisdiscoveryhasbeencrucialinradicallyimprovingtreatmentmethodsforAIDSsufferers.
LucMontagnier wasaFrenchvirologistandjointrecipient,withFrançoiseBarré-
SinoussiandHaraldzurHausen,ofthe2008NobelPrizeinPhysiologyorMedicinefor
hisdiscoveryofthehumanimmunodeficiencyvirus(HIV).TheysharedthePrizewithHarald
zurHausen,whodiscoveredthathumanpapillomavirusescancausecervicalcancer.
HeworkedasaresearcheratthePasteurInstituteinParisandasafull-timeprofessor
atShanghaiJiaoTongUniversityinChina.DuringtheCOVID-19pandemic,Montagnier
promotedthetheorythatSARS-CoV-2,thecausativevirus,wasdeliberatelycreatedand
escapedfromalaboratory.Suchaclaimhasbeenrejectedbyothervirologists.
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10. Virologists ,Karry Mullis.
KaryBanksMulliswasanAmericanbiochemist.
Inrecognitionofhisroleintheinventionofthepolymerasechainreaction
(PCR)technique,hesharedthe1993NobelPrizeinChemistrywith
MichaelSmithandwasawardedtheJapanPrizeinthesameyear.
•PCRbecameacentraltechniqueinbiochemistryandmolecularbiology,describedbyTheNew
YorkTimesas"highlyoriginalandsignificant,virtuallydividingbiologyintothetwoepochsof
beforePCRandafterPCR."Mullisattractedcontroversyfordownplayinghumans'roleinclimate
changeandforexpressingdoubtsthatHIVisthesolecauseofAIDS
•HehadtheideatouseapairofprimerstobracketthedesiredDNAsequenceandtocopyit
usingDNApolymerase;atechniquethatwouldallowrapidamplificationofasmallstretchof
DNAandbecomeastandardprocedureinmolecularbiologylaboratories.
KaryreceivedaNobelPrizeinchemistryin1993,forhisinventionofthepolymerasechain
reaction(PCR).Theprocess,whichKaryMullisconceptualizedin1983,ishailedasoneofthe
monumentalscientifictechniquesofthetwentiethcentury.
•
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11. Reference
•Wikepedia
•Prescott ,Hurley. Klein-Microbiology, 7
th
edition,
International edition, McGraw Hill.
•Microbiology TMH 5th Edition by Michael J.PelczarJr.,
E.C.S. Chan ,Noel R. Krieg[
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12. •Thanks for patient hearing
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