unit 5.pptx personality, types, nature and theories of personality

personlity
psychology
psychiatric problems
psychological test
psychology problems
child psychology
nature of personality
determinants of personality
types of personality
theories of personality
psychosocial development
Psychoanalysis theory
psycho development
psycho dynamic
psychometric assessment
projective technique
personality disorder
role of nurse
common problem
behavior

1. unit 5 personality Personality Prof. Rahul Sharma Seedling School of Nursing, JNU, Jaipur

2. Etymologically, the word personality has been derived from the Latin word ‘persona’ At first this word was used for the mask worn by the actors in ancient times, to indicate to the audience whether they played the villain’s or the hero’s role in a drama Personality is the total quality of an individual behavior as it is shown in the habits, thinking, attitudes, interests, the manner of acting and the personal philosophy of life

3. DEFINITIONS “Personality consists of the distinctive patterns of behavior including thoughts and emotions that characterize each individual’s adaptation to the situations of his or her life” “Personality is the sum of activities that can be discovered by actual observations over a long enough period of time to give reliable information”

4. TOPOGRAPHY OF PERSONALITY  One of the most important characteristics of personality is that it is a product of heredity and environment  Personality includes the cognitive, affective and psychomotor behaviors and covers all the conscious, subconscious and unconscious also Personality of an individual keeps adjusting itself to the environment on a continuous basis

5. TYPES OF PERSONALITY A type is a class of individual who shares a common collection of traits together in an individual

6. Hippocrates Classification Hippocrates tried to classify all human beings into four characteristic groups according to their tempera­ ment as follows

7. Kretschmer’s Classification Kretschmer classified all human beings into certain biological types according to their physical structure

8. Sheldon’s Classification Sheldon classified human beings into certain types according to their physical structure and attached certain temperamental characteristics to them as given below

9. Jung’s Classification Dr Karl G Jung proposes to classify all individuals into two main groups There are very few people who are purely extroverted or introverted Most of us have qualities of both these types; in other words, we are ambiverts

10. Allport Classification Allport classifies all individuals into two types viz ‘Type psychologists’ assume that human personalities can be classified into a few clearly defined types Our observation, careful and detailed measurements of personality traits show that this assumption is wrong We cannot classify people only as tall or short, thin or fat, intelligent or stupid, sociable or unsociable

11. Personality Types and Heart Disease Type A personality Type B personality

12. THEORIES OF PERSONALITY

13. DEVELOPMENT Developmental theories identify behaviors associ­ ated with various stages through which individu­ als pass, thereby specifying what is appropriate or inappropriate at each developmental level The major theoretical approaches to unders­ tand personality include trait theory, psychoanalytic theory, learning theory and humanistic theories Humanistic theory enlarged our horizons by emphasizing human strivings towards self-fulfillment and growth

14. PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY Sigmund Freud an Austrian neurologist is considered as the father of psychoanalytic theory Freud categorized his personality theory according to structure, dynamics and development Freud organized the structure of personality into three major components: the id, ego and superego One of the Freud’s main beliefs is that behaviors resulting from ineffective personality development are unconscious

15. Dynamics of Personality  Freud believed that ‘psychic energy’ is the force or impetus required for mental functioning As the child matures, psychic energy is diverted from the id to form the ego and then from the ego to form the superego  Psychic energy is distributed within these three personality components, largest share to maintain a balance within id, the impulsive behavior and the idealistic behavior of the superego  Overinvestment in the ego will reflect self- absorbed or narcissistic behaviors and an excess within the superego will result in rigid, self­ deprecating behaviors  The human personality functions on three levels of awareness: conscious, preconscious and unconscious

16. THEORY OF PSYCHOSOCIAL

17. DEVELOPMENT Erik Erikson was a German psychoanalyst who extended Freud’s work on personality development across the life span while focusing on social and psychological development in the life stages In his view, psychosocial growth occurs in sequential phases and each stage is dependent on completion of previous stage and life task The formation of trust is essential: mistrust, the negative outcome of this stage, will impair the person’s development throughout his or her life

18. HUMANISTIC APPROACH Humanists like Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow reject the internal conflicts of Freud’s view and the mechanistic nature of behaviorism Humanistic theories emphasize the importance of people’s subjective attitudes, feelings and beliefs especially with regard to the self Carl Rogers theory focuses on the impact of disparity between a person’s ideals, self and perceived real self

19. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs  One of the basic themes underlying Maslow’s theory is that motivation affects the person as a whole, rather than just in part Maslow believed that people are motivated to seek personal goals, which make their lives rewarding and meaningful  Abraham Maslow suggested that five basic classes of needs or motives influence human behavior

20. TRAIT AND TYPE THEORIES OF

21. PERSONALITY No two individuals are alike People possess broad predispositions or traits to respond in certain ways in diverse situations; what this suggests is that people display consistency in their actions, thoughts and emotions across time, events and experiences

22. Gordon Allport’s Theory Cardinal disposition: A cardinal disposition is so dominant that all actions of the person are guided by it Central disposition: These are not as dominant as cardinal dispositions, but they influence the person’s behavior in a very prominent way Secondary disposition: These are not very consistent and are thus less relevant in reflecting the personality of the individual

23. Raymond Cattell’s Theory  Cattell spoke of the multiple traits that comprise the personality, the extent to which these traits are genetically and environmentally determined and the ways in which genetic and environmental factors interact to influence behavior In line with his mathematical analysis of personality, prediction of behavior can be made by means of a specification equation: According to this formula the response of the person is a function of the stimulus at a given moment of time and of the existing personality structure  Traits are a major part of Cattell’s theory, which he defined as the individual’s stable and predictable characteristics  Cattell divided traits into surface traits and source traits

24. Raymond Cattell’s Theory  The essence of Eysenck’s theory is that the elements of personality can be arranged hierarchially

25. LEARNING THEORIES OF PERSONALITY These theories emphasize the importance of learning and objectivity to understand personality

26. Dollard and Miller’s Learning Theory of Personality Table 5.10: Eysenck’s trait-type theory of personality Emotionally StableEmotionally Unstable

27. Bandura and Walter’s Social Learning Theory Albert Bandura and Richard Walters came out with an innovative approach to personality in the form of their social learning theory They advanced the view that what an individual presents to the world at large as his personality, is acquired through a continuous process of structuring and restructuring of experiences, gathered by means of social learning and later imitated in corresponding situations

28. PSYCHOMETRIC ASSESSMENT

29. OF PERSONALITY They provide a means for studying personality It is often helpful, for example, to be able to assess personality for the purpose of employment or selection for education

30. OF PERSONALITY It is also helpful for an individual to assess his/her own personality so that he/she can better under- stand himself/herself and others, choose a career wisely and therefore, find greater happiness in life

31. Interview Method Interview can be defined as a face to face conver- sation carried on with some basic goals Two broad types of interview are: structured and unstructured interview In ‘structured interview’ predetermined questions are asked for which answers are also highly specific Interview is a highly flexible tool and can be used with a wide variety of population Interview method has been criticized for being highly subjective An interview must be long and comprehensive to give a true picture of the individual’s personality It provides a framework within which interviewers can work and suggests the following areas; should be explored in the context of matching the candidate with a job  Personality attributes such as self-perception, reliability, sociability

32. Interview Method In this method the individual is observed in various situations for several days and some conclusions are formulated

33. Projective Techniques Rorschach inkblot test Thematic apperception test Word association or free association test Sentence completion tests Table 5.11: Personality questionnaire

34. Situational Tests

35. ALTERATIONS IN PERSONALITY

36. DUE TO ILLNESS Withdrawn behavior Changes in self-concept, body image and lifestyle Self-centeredness Demanding and dependent behavior Uncooperativeness Hostility Shame and guilt feeling

37. Changes in Self-concept, Body Image and Lifestyle Certain illnesses can change the patient’s body image or physical appearance, especially severe scarring or loss of a limb or a special sense organ Self-concept is important in relationship with other family members Illness imposes a certain amount of restriction on the patient regardless of his age, socio-economic status or profession

38. Self-centeredness The threat posed by illness typically causes the patient to become preoccupied with himself and his health The individual notes the changes in him and show much concern about his illness As the seriousness of an illness increases even less attention is paid to the outside world or the concerns of others

39. Demanding and Dependent Behavior Many patients tend to regress to a more childish level of behavior as a reaction to illness This shows a behavior of adult patients who are highly demanding or anxious or excessively dependent on others Adult patients who seem to be afraid by taking the treatment and react timidly are also regressed

40. Uncooperation Some patients are uncooperative and show reluctance towards health care Patients who do not follow advice of their caregivers are often labeled as resistive or non-compliant or uncooperative Some times such patients fail to enter a treatment program or they drop out

41. Hostility Hostility is the type of aggression that is oriented to cause purposeful harm because of anger or provocation Patient may be angry about the helplessness of the situation; unfair fate, etc Hostility may in many circumstances be inwardly directed by persons having feeling of worthlessness and manifest itself in self-deprecating and self-punishing behavior

42. Shame and Guilt Feelings When patient believes that their illness is a punishment for sin or wrong doing , he may react with feelings of shame and guilt They may feel unrealistically responsible for having brought on the condition; such feelings of shame and guilt related to illness are damaging to the self-concept  Nurses need to help patients express their thoughts and feelings and to provide care that helps the patient effectively cope with change  Feelings of insecurity can be lesser by straight forward explanations of hospital conditions and procedures including details of routine by being warm and reassuring in her manner and through sincerity of personal interest in the patient

43. Shame and Guilt Feelings  Nurses have to build-up healthy personal rela- tionships that are the relationship of confidence and cooperation with the patient

44. ALTERATIONS IN PERSONALITY DUE TO PERSONALITY    DISORDERS Paranoid personality disorder Schizoid personality disorder Dissocial personality disorder Histrionic personality disorder Narcissistic personality disorder Borderline personality disorder Anxious personality disorder Dependent personality disorder Obsessive compulsive personality disorder

45. APPLICATIONS An understanding of personality will help the nurse to predict her behavior as well as the behavior of others The nurse should not only acquire skills and knowledge, but also develop a pleasing and strong personality if she should be successful Besides possessing such professional qualities as integrity, dignity, mental alertness, self-confidence, caring attitude, empathy, approachability, respect for the patient, ability to build trust and accepting the patient as he is, she ought to have such personal qualities as sympathetic understanding, friendliness of spirit, gracious manner, kindliness, adaptability, genuineness, optimism, sincerity and self-awareness