Unit 9-10 linguistic of Mrs. Bao Trang from Hue university of foreign languages

Unit 9-10 linguistic

1. UNIT 9 :INTRANSITIVE AND COPULAR PATTERNS
UNIT 10: TRANSITIVE PATTERNS

2. INTRODUCTION : MAJOR
COMPLEMENTATION PATTERNS AND
VALENCY
3 main types of complementation
The transitive has 3 sub-types: Monotransitive,
Ditransitive and Complex-transitive
intransitive
copular
transitive

3. Types of complement Structural pattern Illustration
Intransitive S-V
Ted laughed
Copular Transitive S-V-C
Theidea is crazy
Transitive
Monotransitive S-V-O
He boughta video
Ditransitive S-V-O-O
He gave Jo a video
Complex -transitive S-V-O-C
I find the idea iscrazy
S V
S V C
S V O
S V O O
S V O C

4. Many verbs -especially those of general meaning , such as get, turn, make : more than one
type of complementation.
For instance
I’ll make some tea SVOd
I’ll make you a pizza SVOiOd
 SVOdCo
 SVCs
 SVPC
Potential number of participants, including the subject= the number of places in the clause that
the verb controls= SEMANTIC VALENCY
Different classes of verbs –differen semantic valencies

5. Semantic valency
The number of participants, include the subject -that is, the number of placesin the clause that
the verbs controls.
One -place verbs : a subject only (S-V)
Two -place verbs : a subject and one other element(S-V-C and S-P-O)
Three -place verbs : a subject and two otherelements(S-V-O-O and S-V-O-C)
For example : The verb eat It has a semantic valencyof two.

6. Syntactic valency
Syntactic valency: The number of norminal elements present in any given clause thathave a
direct grammatical relation to the verb.
For instance : The lions ate away at their prey one norminal element

7. UNIT 9. INTRANSITIVE AND COPULAR
PATTERNS

8. 9.1 SUBJECT -VERB
Intransitive pattern –no complementation of verb.
Structure: S –V
Intransitive verbs can be classified into three groups:
+ Verbs of behavior:laugh, smile, cry, blink, cough, sneeze, wait,
stay,…
+ Verbs of weather: rain, snow
+ Verbs of occurrence: appear, disappear, go, come, arrive, happen,
fade,…

9. Example:
Theyall laughed
It’s raining
Hopes of avoiding war are now fading.
Subject (S)Verb of behavior
S
Verb of weather
S
Verb of occurrence

10. 9.2 SUBJECT –VERB –LOCATIVE COMPLEMENT
(C
loc)
Other intransitives require a complement of place, direction or
destination to complete their meaning.
+ Location in place or time: be, stand, live, lie, remain
+ Movement + manner of movement: walk, run, stroll, crawl, fly
Example:
-The National Theatre stands near the river.
-The amusement park is just over there.
C
loc
C
loc

11. 9.2.1 Pragmatic inference of circumstantial meanings (p. 82)
9.3 SUBJECT –VERB –ADJUNCT
Verbs: work, arrive, retire, stop
not necessary to the structure of the clause, but which adds some
extra meanings to it.
Compare:
S –V –A S–V
1a Tom worksin London 1b Does his sister Priscilla work?
2a Heretiredlast year 2b Hehas retired
3a Westop at Wimbledon3b The clock has stopped.

12. 9.4 SUBJECT –VERB –COMPLEMENT OF THE
SUBJECT ( S-V-Cs)
Copular verbslink the subject with a complement
which characterisesor identifies the subject referent:
Ex: A couch potato (S) is (V) someone who lies
watching television all day (Cs).
The most prototypical copular verb is be.
Others: remain, keep, taste, smell, sound, fall, feel,
come, grow and turn.

13. 9.4.1 Verbs of being and becoming
Verbs of beingare stativeand introduce current or
existing attributes. ( keep, remain, be, seem, look, sound,..)
Ex:
-The reason issimple.
-Will you keepstill !

14. Verbsofbecomingaredynamicandintroduceresulting
attributes.(growsuggestsgradualchange><goisused
toindicatedrasticchanges)
Ex:
-Helatestnovelhasbecomeabest-seller.
-Webegantogrowuneasywhentheskin-diverdidn’t
appear.
-Hisfacewentpale.

15. 9.4.2 Other linking verbs
Asmallnumberofverbsthatarenormallyusedwithout
acomplement(fall,come,run)canfunctionascopulas
withspecificadjectivesasCs.
Ex:
-Thechildfellflatonitsface.
-Thelabelhascomeunstuck.

16. UNIT 10: TRANSITIVE PATTERNS
10.1.SUBJECT-VERB-DIRECTOBJECT(SVOD)
Example:
1.Iateatoastedcheesesandwich.
SV Od
2.Wemustputawayallthisstuff.
S V Od

17. 10.2. VERBS USED TRANSITIVELY AND
INTRANSITIVELY
Transitive verb: is one that is used with an object: a noun, phrase, or pronoun that refers to the
person or thing that is affected by the action of the verb.
Example: She lovesanimals.
Intransitive verb: is one that does not take a direct object
Example: I workfor a large firm in Paris.

18. 10.2. VERBS USED TRANSITIVELY AND
INTRANSITIVELY
1. Verbs with an implied Object : smoke (cigarettes), drive (a car), drink (alcohol), save
(money), wave (one’s hand)...
Example: He drunka lot.
They are savingto buy a house.
Certain verb: read, write, eat, teach
Example: He readsthe book.
I wrotea letter.

19. 10.2. VERBS USED TRANSITIVELY AND
INTRANSITIVELY
2. Causatives with an intransitive counterpart, constituting an ergative pair
Example: He opened the door. (SVOd) (opened is transitive verb)
The door opened. (SV) (opened is intransitive verb)
3. Verbs with a reflexive meaning:
Example: He shaved(himself)
She dressed(herself)
4. Verbs with a reciprocal meaning:
Example: Tom and Jo metat a concert.

20. 10.3. SUBJECT –VERB –PREPOSITIONAL
COMPLETEMENT
Common verbs that can be followed by a preposition
Example: The Prime Minister (S) can’t account (V) for the loss of votes (PC)
We (S) are banking(V) on everyone’s support for the rally (PC)
for on to at with in of after
account
allow
hope
long
look
bank
call
count
rely
admit
consent
keep
refer
resort
aim
get
hint
look
deal
reason
believe
confide
consist
dispose
think
hear
look
take

21. 10.4. SUBJECT –VERB –INDIRECT OBJECT –
DIRECT OBJECT
A ditransitiveverb is a one that takes both a direct object and an indirect object.
Ex: He gave her the letter.
Two main types of ditransitivecomplementation:
An Indirect Object precedes a Direct Object
A Direct Object is followed by a prepositional Complement

22. 10.4.1 Verbs of transfer (give, lend) and intended transfer
(buy, get)
Three –place verbs like givehave a subjectand two objects, representing the transfer of goods or information
from one person to another.
Ex: I gave her a present. (I gave a present to her)
He showed the policeman his driving licence.
(He showed his driving licenceto the policeman).
hand lend offer owe pass promise read send show teach
throw write

23. 10.4.1 Verbs of transfer (give, lend) and
intended transfer (buy, get)
With the “give” type, two passives are usually possible:
Active: I gave John a copy
Passive 1: John was given a copy.
Passive 2: A copy was given to John.
? A copy was given John.

24. 10.4.1 Verbs of transfer (give, lend) and intended transfer
(buy, get)
Verbs of intended transfer carry out a service for someone, or
even a disservice.
Example: Paul gets us a very good discount.
(Paul gets a very good discountfor us)
They set him a trap. (They set a trap forhim)
Book bring build buy cash cut fetch find leave spare keep
make pour save

25. 10.4.2. Less prototypical but common three-place verbs
Type 1:explain + Od + Prepositional Complement
Example: He explained the problem to us
He explained us the problems
announce confess deliver mention return say

26. 10.4.2. Less prototypical but common three-place verbs
Type 2: deliver + Od + Goal complement
Example: They’ll deliver the pizza to your house this evening

27. 10.4.2. Less prototypical but common three-place verbs
Type 3: wish + Oi + Od
Example: We wish you luck
He gave the door a push He gave a push to the door
allow cost wish refuse give

28. 10.5. SUBJECT –VERB –DIRECT OBJECT –
PREPOSITIONAL COMPLEMENT
Example : It reminds me of you.
-The NG ( you) can’t be made subject in a passive clause. However, it encodes a participant that can be
questioned by Who, What placed either before the preposition.
+) Whodoes it remind you of ( Of whom does it remind you?)
+) Whatare you thanking me for ( For what are you thanking me?)

29. Some verbs taking Prepositional Complement as well as Direct Object
for from of with on
blame prevent accuse charge blame
thank protect convince compare compliment
Only the direct object constituent can become subject in the passive clause :
S P Od PC
+) This sunblockwill protectyour skin from the sun’s rays.
Your skinwill be protected from the sun’s rays.

30. Example :
+) They robbed her of her watch and jewels. => Shewas robbed of her watch and jewels.
+) The charged him with assault.=> Hewas charged with assault.
Blame, a three-place verb, admit to alternative constructions with different preposition,
which reflect the way the event is view in each case.
 Blame someone (Od) for something (PC)
Ex: He blame Jane for the accident => Jane was blamed for the accident.
 Blame something (Od) on someone PC)
Ex: He blamed the accident on Jane => The accident was blamed on Jane.
The NG following the preposition can be question by who or what:
Ex: What was Jane blamed for?
Who was the accident blamed for?

31. Other verb that present a similar variation are supply, load and drain:
Ex :
+) We supply the school with paper ( PC)
We supply paper (Od) to the school (PC)
+) They loaded the cart with hay.
They loaded hay on to the cart.
+) They drained the pool of water.
They drained water from the pool.

32. 10.7. SUBJECT –VERB –DIRECT OBJECT –
OBJECT COMPLEMENT
Complex Transitive = Three-place verbs + Od + OC
Example:
I found the house empty.
He got his shoes wet.

33. 10.7.1. CURRENT AND RESULTING ATTRIBUTES –He
got his shoes wet
Current attributes:
Verbs that take a current attribute after the object are stative.
Verbsofcausingtoremaininacertainstate:holdandkeep
believe,consider,think,find,imagine,presume,hold
want,like,prefer
Examples:
Keepyourhandssteady!
Iimaginedhimmucholder.

34. Resulting attributes: Verbs represent processes of
doing or declaring to confer an official status.
Verbsofdoing:bake,drive,get,leave,paint,
turn,wipe
Verbsofdeclaring:appoint,elect,call,name,
declare,report,certify
Examples:
WithAdjGComplement:
Itwipesthewindscreendry.
WithNGComplement:
TheyappointedhimManager.

35. Respectful attributes:
regard, refer to, write off, acclaim + as NG
Example:
Churchill referred to him asan outstanding leader.

36. 10.8SUBJECT –VERB –DIRECT OBJECT –
LOCATIVE COMPLEMENT
Verbs such as put, place, stand, lead are followed by a
Locative/ Goal Complement.
Examples:
Stand the lamp near the desk.
The track led us to a farm.