Unit 9 Technological trends in Information Technology By Sulav Acharya

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1. UNIT 9 Technological trends in Information Technology

2. What is Cloud Computing? Cloud computing refers to the delivery of computing resources over the Internet. Instead of keeping data on your own hard drive or updating applications on the local machine we use a service over the Internet at another remote location. For Example: When we store our photos online (Google Photos) instead of on our home computer, or use webmail or a social networking site or a image editing web application; you are using a “Cloud computing” service. 2

3. What is Cloud Computing? Examples of cloud services include online file storage, social networking sites, webmail, and online business applications. The cloud computing model allows access to information and computer resources from anywhere that a network connection is available. The cloud computing provides a shared pool of resources including data storage space, networks, computer processing power and specialized corporate and user applications. 3

4. What is Cloud Computing? 4

5. Do you Use the Cloud?

6. Difference between renting physical servers remotely and cloud computing In cloud computing, we get a virtual machine running on servers with our selected OS running on top of virtualization software. There could be other users on servers. We access servers through a web service/web site. We pay for specific time used on processor, storage devices and bandwidth/network. Cloud computing focuses on virtualization and service orient approach and making it economical for companies to use a third party cloud provider to maintain hardware and software on a on-demand basis. 6

7. Historical Development 7

8. Benefits of Cloud Computing 1. Cost Savings The companies can reduce their capital expenditures and use operational expenditures.   2. Computing capabilities This is a lower barrier to entry and also requires fewer in- house IT resources to provide system support.   3. Scalability/Flexibility The companies can start with a small deployment and grow to a large deployment fairly rapidly, and then scale back if necessary. Also, the flexibility of cloud computing allows companies to use extra resources at peak times, enabling them to satisfy consumer demands. 8

9. Benefits of Cloud Computing 4. Reliability Services using multiple redundant sites can support business continuity and disaster recovery. 5. Maintenance Cloud service providers do the system maintenance, and access is through APIs that do not require application installations onto PCs, thus further reducing maintenance requirements. 6. Mobile accessible Mobile workers have increased productivity due to systems accessible in an infrastructure available from anywhere. 9

10. Challenges of Cloud Computing 10

11. Challenges of Cloud Computing 1. Security and privacy Before adopting this technology, we should know that you will be surrendering all our company’s sensitive information to a third-party cloud service provider. This could potentially put your company to great risk. Hence, we need to make absolutely sure that we choose the most reliable service provider, who will keep our information totally secure.   2. Lack of standards Clouds have documented interfaces; however, no standards are associated with these and thus it is unlikely that most clouds will be interoperable. The open grid forum is developing an open cloud computing Interface to resolve this issue and the Open Cloud Consortium is working on cloud computing standards and practices. The findings of these groups will need to mature, but it is not known whether they will address the needs of the people deploying the services and the specific interfaces these services need. 11

12. Challenges of Cloud Computing 3. Continuously evolving User requirements are continuously evolving, as are the requirements for interfaces, networking and storage. This means that a “cloud” especially a public one does not remain static and is also continuously evolving. 4. Compliance concerns There are many compliance issues affecting cloud computing, based on the type of data and application for which the cloud is being used. As with security and privacy mentioned previously these typically result in hybrid cloud deployment with one cloud storing the data internal to the organization. 12

13. AI the simulation of human intelligence processes by computer systems. These processes include learning (the acquisition of information and rules for using that information), reasoning (using rules to reach approximate or definite conclusions), and self-correction.

14. AI programming focuses on cognitive skills that include the following: Learning.  This aspect of AI programming focuses on acquiring data and creating rules for how to turn it into actionable information. The rules, which are called algorithms, provide computing devices with step-by-step instructions for how to complete a specific task. Reasoning.  This aspect of AI programming focuses on choosing the right algorithm to reach a desired outcome. Self-correction.  This aspect of AI programming is designed to continually fine-tune algorithms and ensure they provide the most accurate results possible. Creativity.  This aspect of AI   uses neural networks, rules-based systems, statistical methods and other AI techniques to generate new images, new text, new music and new ideas.

15. Importance of AI Efficiency and Productivity: AI enables automation of repetitive tasks, allowing businesses to streamline processes, reduce errors, and increase efficiency. This leads to cost savings and higher productivity. Innovation: enabling the development of new products and services that were previously unimaginable. It provides tools and techniques to solve complex problems and explore new frontiers in areas such as healthcare, transportation, and environmental sustainability. Decision Making: AI systems can analyze vast amounts of data and provide insights to support decision making in various domains. This helps organizations make more informed choices, optimize strategies, and anticipate future trends. Healthcare Advancements Safety and Security

16. Disadvantages of AI Job Displacement Bias and Discrimination Privacy Concerns Ethical Dilemmas Security Risks

17. Big Data Big data refers to extremely large and complex datasets that cannot be effectively managed, processed, or analyzed using traditional data processing tools or techniques. These datasets typically consist of vast amounts of structured, semi-structured, and unstructured data collected from various sources, including sensors, social media platforms, transaction records, and web logs. Big data is characterized by the three Vs: Volume Velocity: generated rapidly and continuously, often in real-time or near-real-time. -requires efficient data processing and analysis techniques to derive meaningful insights and make timely decisions. Variety: Big data comes in various forms, including structured data (e.g., databases), semi-structured data (e.g., XML, JSON), and unstructured data (e.g., text documents, images, videos). This diversity of data types presents challenges in terms of storage, processing, and analysis.

18. Benefits of Big data Informed Decision Making Enhanced Customer Experience Risk Management and Fraud Detection Healthcare Advancements Scientific Research and Discovery

19. Disadvantages of Big data Privacy Concerns Security Risks Costs and Resource Intensiveness Ethical Dilemmas

20. IoT the network of interconnected devices, objects, and systems that collect, exchange, and share data over the internet. These devices, often equipped with sensors, actuators, and communication capabilities, can interact with each other and with their environment to gather and transmit data, monitor conditions, and perform various tasks autonomously or in collaboration with other devices. IoT enables the integration of physical and digital worlds, creating opportunities for automation, efficiency, and innovation across various domains.

21. Benefits of IoT Efficiency and Productivity Cost Savings Data-driven Insights Improved Customer Experience Safety and Security Remote Monitoring and Control Advanced technology to run business Lower operating cost

22. Drawback of IoT Security and data privacy challenges Hidden technology Internet connectivity and power dependencies

23. Robotics field of engineering and technology that deals with the design, construction, operation, and use of robots. A robot is a machine that is capable of carrying out tasks autonomously or semi-autonomously, often programmed to perform specific functions. Can do repetitive, dangerous task.

24. Advantages Increased efficiency Improved safety Cost saving

25. Disadvantages Write on your own.

26. Virtual reality

27. Virtual Reality (VR) is a computer-generated simulation of an interactive 3D environment that users can explore and interact with using specialized hardware, such as VR headsets and motion controllers. Add advantages and disadvantages on your own.

28. Advantages Entertainment Experience Training and education Therapeutic applications

29. Augmented reality Augmented Reality (AR) is a technology that overlays digital information or virtual objects onto the real-world environment, typically viewed through a device such as a smartphone or AR glasses

30. Block chain technology Blockchain technology is a decentralized and distributed ledger system that records transactions across multiple computers in a way that is secure, transparent, and immutable