Unit-I Basic Mechanical Engineering.pptx

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1. BASIC MECHANICAL ENGINEERING Dr. G.Praveen Kumar Assistant Professor Department of Mechanical Engineering Unit-I Introduction to Mechanical Engineering

2. Course Outcomes: CO1: Understand the different manufacturing processes. CO2: Explain the basics of thermal engineering and its applications. CO3: Describe the working of different mechanical power transmission systems and power plants. CO4: Describe the basics of robotics and its applications.

3. BASIC MECHANICAL ENGINEERING Unit-I Chapter-1 : Introduction to Mechanical Engineering

4. BASIC MECHANICAL ENGINEERING Unit-I Introduction to Mechanical Engineering: Role of Mechanical Engineering in Industries and Society Technologies in different sectors such as Energy, Manufacturing, Automotive, Aerospace, and Marine sectors. Engineering Materials - Metals-Ferrous and Non-ferrous, Ceramics, Composites, Smart materials .

5. Mechanical Engineer play in our society and in Industries Mechanical engineers are involved in almost every aspect of human existence and welfare, including machines, cars and other vehicles, aircraft, power plants, automobile parts, and manufacturing plants etc. A Mechanical Engineer plays a significant role in designing, developing, and testing machines as well as thermal devices. It also includes systems that are essential to many aspects of modern society and Industries . They use their knowledge of mechanics, thermodynamics, materials science, and energy to create solutions that improve the quality of life of people.

6. Besides, the role of a mechanical engineer in our society is contributed as: Power Generation: Mechanical engineers design and develop power-generating machines such as internal combustion engines, gas turbines, and steam and wind turbines etc Heating and Cooling Systems: They design and develop heating, ventilation, refrigeration and air conditioning systems for buildings and other structures. Transportation: Mechanical engineers are involved in designing and developing transportation systems, including cars, trains, airplanes, steamers and boats. Industrial Equipment: They design, develop and maintain industrial equipment such as machine tools, robots, and conveyor systems & belts Infrastructure: Mechanical engineers play a key role in the design and maintenance of infrastructure, including buildings, bridges, roads, and transportation systems. Overall, Mechanical Engineers are involved in designing, building, and maintaining the engines, machines, and structures that make modern life possible and comfortable.

7. Besides, the role of a mechanical engineer in our society is contributed as: Power Generation: Mechanical engineers design and develop power-generating machines such as internal combustion engines, gas turbines, and steam and wind turbines etc.

8. Besides, the role of a mechanical engineer in our society is contributed as: Heating and Cooling Systems: They design and develop heating, ventilation, refrigeration and air conditioning systems for buildings and other structures.

9. Besides, the role of a mechanical engineer in our society is contributed as: Transportation: Mechanical engineers are involved in designing and developing transportation systems, including cars, trains, airplanes, steamers and boats.

10. Transportation

11. Besides, the role of a mechanical engineer in our society is contributed as: Industrial Equipment: They design, develop and maintain industrial equipment such as machine tools, robots, and conveyor systems & belts

12. Besides, the role of a mechanical engineer in our society is contributed as: Infrastructure: Mechanical engineers play a key role in the design and maintenance of infrastructure, including buildings, bridges, roads, and transportation systems.

13. Contribution of Mechanical Engineer to the Society Mechanical engineers play a crucial role in society by contributing their skills, knowledge, and expertise to various fields. Here are several ways in which mechanical engineers contribute to society: Design and Innovation: Mechanical engineers contribute to the design and innovation of products and systems that improve daily life. 13

14. Energy Efficiency: Mechanical engineers work on developing energy-efficient technologies and processes. They design systems that optimize energy usage, reduce waste, and contribute to sustainability efforts. Transportation Systems: Mechanical engineers are involved in the design and improvement of transportation systems, including automobiles, airplanes, trains, and ships. Contribution of Mechanical Engineer to the Society 14

15. Contribution of Mechanical Engineer to the Society Manufacturing Processes: The development of manufacturing processes that enhance efficiency, reduce costs, and improve the quality of products. This is essential for the production of goods that meet the needs of society. Medical Devices and Healthcare: Mechanical engineers design and develop medical devices, prosthetics, and healthcare technologies. Their innovations contribute to advancements in medical care, rehabilitation, and the overall well-being of individuals. 15

16. Environmental Protection: By designing technologies that reduce emissions, control pollution, and promote sustainable practices. They play a key role in developing cleaner and more efficient energy solutions. Contribution of Mechanical Engineer to the Society Infrastructure Development: Involves in the planning and design of infrastructure projects such as bridges, buildings, and water supply systems. They ensures that these structures are safe, resilient, and meet the needs of growing populations. 16

17. Automation and Robotics: Mechanical engineers work on the development of automation and robotic systems, improving efficiency and safety in various industries. Automation can enhance productivity and reduce the risk of hazardous tasks. Contribution of Mechanical Engineer to the Society 17

18. Renewable Energy Systems: Involves in the design and implementation of renewable energy systems such as wind turbines, solar panels, and hydropower systems. These technologies contribute to the shift towards sustainable energy sources. Contribution of Mechanical Engineer to the Society 18

19. Agricultural Equipment: Design and improve agricultural machinery, contributing to increased productivity and efficiency in the agricultural sector. This helps address global food production challenges . Contribution of Mechanical Engineer to the Society 19

20. Emerging Technologies used in Energy Sector, Manufacturing Sector, Automotive Sector, Aerospace Sector, Marine Sector Technologies in Energy Sector The energy sector relies on a wide range of technologies to produce, transmit, store, and manage energy from various sources. These technologies are essential for meeting the world's growing energy demands while addressing environmental concerns and increasing energy efficiency. Here are some key technologies used in the energy sector : Fossil Fuel Technologies : Renewable Energy Technologies : Nuclear Energy Technologies: Energy Storage Technologies: Smart Grid Technologies: Electric Vehicle (EV) Technologies : Hydrogen Technologies: Energy Efficiency Technologies: Carbon Capture and Utilization (CCU):

21. Fossil Fuel Technologies : Combustion Turbines and Generators: These systems burn fossil fuels like natural gas and coal to generate electricity efficiently . Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS): CCS technologies capture and store carbon dioxide emissions from fossil fuel-based power plants, helping to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions. Renewable Energy Technologies: Solar Power : Photovoltaic ( PV) cells and Solar panels convert sunlight into electricity, providing clean and renewable energy for residential, commercial, and utility-scale applications. Wind Power: Wind turbines harness wind energy to generate electricity, with onshore and offshore installations becoming increasingly common. Hydroelectric Power: Hydroelectric dams and turbines capture the energy of flowing water to produce electricity. Geothermal Energy: Geothermal power plants utilize heat from the Earth's core to generate electricity and provide heating and cooling. Biomass and Bioenergy: Biomass energy technologies convert organic materials like wood, agricultural residues, and waste into biofuels, heat, and electricity.

22. 3. Nuclear Energy Technologies: Nuclear Reactors: Nuclear power plants use controlled nuclear reactions to produce electricity efficiently and with low carbon emissions. 4.Energy Storage Technologies: Battery Energy Storage Systems (BESS): Batteries store excess electricity generated from renewable sources and release it when needed, enhancing grid stability. Pumped Hydro Storage: This technology stores energy by pumping water to an elevated reservoir and releasing it to generate electricity when demand is high. Thermal Energy Storage: Thermal storage systems store heat or cold and release it when needed for heating or cooling purposes. 5. Smart Grid Technologies : Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI): AMI systems enable two-way communication between utilities and consumers, providing real-time data for better energy management. Distributed Energy Resources (DERs): DERs include technologies like rooftop solar panels and small-scale wind turbines, allowing consumers to generate and store their electricity.

23. 6. Electric Vehicle (EV) Technologies: EV Charging Infrastructure: Charging stations and networks are crucial for the widespread adoption of electric vehicles . 7. Hydrogen Technologies : Hydrogen Production: Electrolysis and other methods produce hydrogen for use as a clean energy carrier. Fuel Cells: Fuel cell technologies use hydrogen to generate electricity with high efficiency and low emissions. 8. Energy Efficiency Technologies : Energy-efficient Appliances: Advanced appliances, lighting, and HVAC systems reduce energy consumption in residential and commercial buildings. Industrial Efficiency Measures: Technologies like variable frequency drives (VFDs) and energy-efficient motors improve energy efficiency in industrial processes. 9 . Carbon Capture and Utilization (CCU): CCU technologies capture carbon dioxide emissions and convert them into useful products, such as chemicals and construction materials . These technologies continue to evolve and play a critical role in addressing energy challenges, reducing carbon emissions, and transitioning to a more sustainable and resilient energy future.

24. Emerging Technologies used in Energy Sector, Manufacturing Sector, Automotive Sector, Aerospace Sector, Marine Sector Manufacturing Sector The manufacturing sector relies on a wide range of technologies to produce goods efficiently, with precision, and at scale. These technologies are essential for improving productivity, quality control, and flexibility in the manufacturing process. Here are some key technologies used in the manufacturing sector: Computer-Aided Design (CAD): Computer-Aided Manufacturing (CAM ): Additive Manufacturing (3D Printing ): Manufacturing Execution Systems (MES ): Quality Control and Inspection: Material Handling Systems: Internet of Things ( IoT ) : Advanced Materials and Composites: Advanced Manufacturing Technologies : Lean Manufacturing and Six Sigma: Flexible Manufacturing Systems (FMS) : Digital Twins:

25. 1. Computer-Aided Design (CAD): CAD software allows engineers and designers to create detailed 2D and 3D models of products and components. These models serve as the basis for product design and development. 2. Computer-Aided Manufacturing (CAM): CAM software generates tool paths and instructions for automated machinery like CNC (Computer Numerical Control) machines, robots, and 3D printers, enabling precise and automated manufacturing processes. 3. Additive Manufacturing (3D Printing): 3D printing technologies create three-dimensional objects by adding material layer by layer. They are used for rapid prototyping, custom manufacturing, and producing complex geometries. 4 . Robotics and Automation: Industrial robots perform various tasks such as welding, assembly, packaging, and material handling, improving efficiency, precision, and safety in manufacturing processes. 5 . Manufacturing Execution Systems (MES): MES software manages and monitors production processes, tracks inventory, and optimizes scheduling to enhance manufacturing efficiency. 6. Quality Control and Inspection: Automated inspection systems, such as vision systems and coordinate measuring machines (CMMs), ensure product quality by detecting defects and deviations from specifications. 7. Material Handling Systems: Conveyors , automated guided vehicles (AGVs), and material handling robots transport materials and products within manufacturing facilities, reducing manual labour and errors.

26. 8. IoT and Industrial Internet of Things ( IIoT ): IoT sensors and devices collect data from machines and processes, enabling real-time monitoring, predictive maintenance, and process optimization. 9 . Advanced Materials and Composites: The use of advanced materials, like carbon fiber composites and high performance polymers, allows for lightweight and durable product design. 10. Advanced Manufacturing Technologies: Technologies like laser cutting, waterjet cutting, and electrical discharge machining (EDM) provide precise cutting and shaping capabilities. 11. Lean Manufacturing and Six Sigma: Lean and Six Sigma methodologies optimize manufacturing processes, eliminate waste, and improve product quality and consistency. 12. Flexible Manufacturing Systems (FMS): FMS integrates various manufacturing processes and equipment to enable rapid changeovers and production of multiple products in a single facility. 13. Digital Twins: Digital twins create virtual replicas of physical manufacturing systems, allowing for simulation, testing, and optimization before implementing changes in the real world.

27. Emerging Technologies used in Energy Sector, Manufacturing Sector, Automotive Sector, Aerospace Sector, Marine Sector Automotive sector: The automotive sector is a hub of technological innovation, and it relies on a wide range of technologies to design, manufacture, and enhance vehicles. These technologies contribute to safety, performance, efficiency, and sustainability. Here are some key technologies used in the automotive sector: Electric and Hybrid Vehicles : Autonomous Driving : Connected Vehicles: Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS ): Advanced Materials and composites Augmented Reality (AR) and Head-up displays(HUD) Additive Manufacturing (3D Printing) Advanced Avionics and Navigation Systems :

28. Different Technologies in Automotive Sector Electric and Hybrid Vehicles: Electric vehicles (EVs) and hybrid vehicles use electric motors and batteries to reduce or eliminate reliance on internal combustion engines, reducing emissions and reliance on fossil fuels. Autonomous Driving: Autonomous or self-driving vehicles use advanced sensors, cameras, radar, and lidar technologies along with artificial intelligence. Connected Vehicles: IoT technologies enable vehicles to communicate with each other and with infrastructure, leading to advancements in vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) and vehicle-to-everything (V2X) communication.

29. Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS): ADAS includes features like adaptive cruise control, lane departure warning, collision avoidance systems. Advanced Materials: Lightweight materials such as carbon fibre, aluminium, and high-strength composites are used to reduce vehicle weight Augmented Reality (AR) and Heads-Up Displays (HUD): AR technologies and HUDs provide real-time information to drivers, enhancing navigation, safety, and overall driving experience.

30. Additive Manufacturing (3D Printing): 3D printing is employed to produce complex and lightweight components, reducing production costs and enabling rapid prototyping. Advanced Avionics and Navigation Systems: Advanced avionics include state-of-the-art navigation systems, radar, and communication technologies, improving safety and navigation capabilities.

31. Emerging Technologies used in Energy Sector, Manufacturing Sector, Automotive Sector, Aerospace Sector, Marine Sector Aerospace sector: The aerospace sector is at the forefront of technological innovation, with a constant drive to improve safety, performance, and efficiency in aircraft and spacecraft. Here are some key technologies used in the aerospace sector: Advanced Materials Aircraft Design and Aerodynamics: Supersonic and Hypersonic Travel Electric and Hybrid Propulsion: Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs ): Space Exploration : Advanced Avionics : Flight Control Systems Satellite Technology : Aircraft Health Monitoring: :

32. Advanced Materials: Aerospace engineers are continually developing lighter and stronger materials, such as carbon composites and advanced alloys, to reduce weight and improve fuel efficiency . Aircraft Design and Aerodynamics: Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and wind tunnel testing are used to optimize aircraft design, making them more aerodynamic and fuel-efficient . Supersonic and Hypersonic Travel : Research into supersonic and hypersonic flight aims to reduce travel times significantly. Companies like SpaceX and Boom Supersonic are working on developing supersonic and hypersonic passenger aircraft . Electric and Hybrid Propulsion: The development of electric and hybrid-electric propulsion systems is aimed at reducing emissions and increasing efficiency in aviation . Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs): UAVs, or drones, have become an essential technology for various aerospace applications, including surveillance, agriculture, and package delivery Space Exploration: The aerospace industry plays a crucial role in space exploration. Technologies include reusable rockets (e.g., SpaceX's Falcon 9), robotic missions to other planets, and human missions to the Moon and Mars . Advanced Avionics: Modern aircraft are equipped with sophisticated avionics systems, including GPS navigation , fly-by-wire control systems, and advanced cockpit displays

33. Flight Control Systems: Advanced fly-by-wire and autonomous flight control systems enhance safety and performance in both military and commercial aircraft . Satellite Technology: Satellites are used for communication, navigation (GPS), Earth observation, and scientific research. Miniaturized satellites, such as CubeSat's, are also becoming more prevalent . Aircraft Health Monitoring: Sensors and data analytics are used to monitor the condition of aircraft in real-time, enabling predictive maintenance and reducing downtime.

34. Emerging Technologies used in Energy Sector, Manufacturing Sector, Automotive Sector, Aerospace Sector, Marine Sector Marine sector: The marine sector encompasses a wide range of industries and activities, from shipping and shipbuilding to offshore oil and gas exploration and marine conservation. It relies on various technologies to enhance efficiency, safety, and environmental sustainability. Here are some key technologies used in the marine sector : LNG-Powered Ships: Advanced Propulsion Systems: Autonomous and Remote-Controlled Ships: Digital Twin Technology: Fuel Cell Technology: Advanced Navigation and Communication Systems:

35. Different Technologies in Marine Sector LNG-Powered Ships: The use of Liquified Natural Gas (LNG) as a fuel source for ships is growing, providing a cleaner and more environmentally friendly alternative to traditional fuels. Advanced Propulsion Systems: Innovative propulsion systems, including pod propulsion and electric propulsion, enhance fuel efficiency. Autonomous and Remote-Controlled Ships: Similar to autonomous vehicles, autonomous and remotely controlled ships use advanced navigation and communication technologies.

36. Different Technologies in Marine Sector Digital Twin Technology: Digital twin technology allows for real-time monitoring and simulation of ship performance, enabling predictive maintenance Fuel Cell Technology: Fuel cells are being explored as an alternative power source for ships, providing a clean and efficient means of propulsion. Advanced Navigation and Communication Systems: Cutting-edge navigation and communication systems, including satellite navigation and high-frequency radio communication, improve maritime safety and efficiency.

37. What is engineering materials? Engineering materials  refers to the group of materials that are used in the construction of manmade structures and components. These materials are carefully selected based on their properties, such as strength, durability, and resistance to wear and tear.

38. 4/7/2024

39. 4/7/2024 Material Evalution

40. Classification of materials

41. Characteristics of materials Conductivity : Metals are good conductors of electricity and heat. They have free electrons that can move freely and transfer electrical current and heat energy. Malleability: Metals can be hammered, rolled, or pressed into various shapes without breaking or shattering . This property is known as malleability. Ductility: Metals can be drawn into thin wires without breaking. This property is called ductility.. Density: Metals are generally denser than nonmetals, meaning they have a high mass per unit volume. Solid State: Most metals exist in a solid state at room temperature and pressure, although there are exceptions such as mercury, which is a liquid at room temperature. High Melting and Boiling Points: Metals have relatively high melting and boiling points, which make them suitable for high-temperature applications. Corrosion Resistance: Some metals exhibit natural corrosion resistance due to the formation of protective oxide layers on their surfaces. For example, aluminum and stainless steel are known for their corrosion resistance Luster : Metals typically have a shiny, reflective surface, known as metallic luster, due to their ability to reflect light.

42. Mechanical properties of materials Strength: Ability of material that can resist or withstand mechanical load Ductility: Ability to material to form wires Malleability: Ability of material to form sheets Brittleness: Ability of a material to withstand mechanical load without plastic deformation Hardness: Ability of a material that can offer resistance against mechanical deformation Toughness: Ability of a material that can absorb energy at the time of failure Stiffness: Ability of a material that can resist mechanical deformation under stress Resilience: Ability of a material that can absorb energy against failure, without undergoing shape change

43. Classification of materials

44. Ferrous and non-ferrous metals Ferrous and non-ferrous metals are two broad categories of metals that differ based on their iron content. The presence of iron is the primary distinguishing factor between these two groups. Ferrous Metals: Ferrous metals are metals that contain iron as their main constituent . The word "ferrous" is derived from the Latin word " ferrum ," which means iron. Ex: Iron (Fe), Steel, Cast Iron, Wrought Iron Properties of Ferrous Metals: Generally magnetic. High strength and durability. Commonly used in construction, infrastructure, automotive, and machinery . Prone to corrosion and rusting, especially in the presence of moisture.

45. Ferrous metals which fall under this category include: Steel : Used in manufacturing, construction, engineering, and automotive industries. Stainless Steel: One of the most hard-wearing and utilised metals. Stainless steel is used to manufacture various tools and appliances. Alloy Steel: Most often used in construction-related manufacturing, electrical components and machine tools. Carbon Steel: Because of its rigidity, this is used for manufacturing machine tools such as blades and drills. Cast Iron: With the ability to be both strong and brittle, this metal can be used for manufacturing manhole covers and engine blocks. Wrought Iron: In general, this metal is used for producing chains, railings and barbed wire.

46. Non-Ferrous Metals: Non-ferrous metals are metals that do not contain iron as their main component . Despite being typically less strong than ferrous metals, non-ferrous metals also have their own benefits. Metals in this group have a higher resistance to corrosion and rust, as well as being more malleable. Examples of Non-Ferrous Metals: Ex: Aluminum (Al), Copper (Cu), Brass, Bronze, Bronze, Lead (Pb), Zinc (Zn). Properties of Non-Ferrous Metals: Generally not magnetic. Resistant to rust and corrosion. Lighter than ferrous metals. Good thermal and electrical conductivity. Commonly used in electrical applications, aerospace, jewellery, and marine environments. Ferrous and non-ferrous metals

47. Examples of non-ferrous metals: Copper : Highly conductive for electricity and heat, copper is used when manufacturing wires, cooking pots , automobile radiators and much more. Because of this, electroplating copper is suitable for various types of metals. Aluminium : Although lower in strength, aluminium is lightweight which is why it is used for manufacturing food cans and aircraft components . Brass: A combination of zinc and copper, brass is often used for manufacturing electrical fittings, ornaments and furniture fittings such as cabinet handles. Zinc : One of the strongest non-ferrous metals, zinc plating solutions are used to prevent iron and steel from rusting. Tin : Even more malleable than aluminium , tin is widely used to plate steel cans which contain food. Lead : This metal is most often found in batteries, electrical power cables, and building construction due to being highly resistant to corrosion

48. Different Metals and Materials

49. Corrosion Resistance: Ferrous metals are more prone to corrosion and rusting. Non-ferrous metals generally exhibit better corrosion resistance. Weight: Non-ferrous metals are typically lighter than ferrous metals. Magnetic Properties: Ferrous metals are magnetic, while non-ferrous metals are not. Conductivity: Non-ferrous metals often have good electrical and thermal conductivity. Applications: Ferrous metals are commonly used in construction, infrastructure, and heavy machinery. Non-ferrous metals find applications in electrical wiring, electronics, aerospace, and corrosion-resistant environments. Comparison of Ferrous and Non-Ferrous Metals

50. Ceramics A ceramic is  a material that is neither metallic nor organic . It may be crystalline, glassy or both crystalline and glassy. Ceramics are typically hard and chemically non-reactive and can be formed or densified with heat. Types of Ceramics: Traditional Ceramics: Traditional ceramics are primarily composed of clay and other naturally occurring minerals. They are used to make items like pottery, bricks, tiles, and porcelain. Advanced or Engineering Ceramics: These ceramics are specially designed to have specific properties, such as high mechanical strength, wear resistance , corrosion resistance, and thermal stability . Ex: alumina, silicon carbide, and zirconia . Refractory Ceramics: Designed to withstand high temperatures without deforming or melting. Ex: alumina and silica refractories.

51. Bio-ceramics: Used in medical applications, such as dental implants and artificial joints. Ex: hydroxyapatite and bio glass. Electroceramics : Possess electrical properties suitable for electronic applications. Ex: barium titanate and lead zirconate titanate (PZT). Properties of Ceramics: Hardness, Brittleness, fracture toughness, Heat Resistance ,Chemical Stability, High mechanical strength. Applications: Thermal insulation, Electrical Insulation, Chemical Resistance (corrosion), Transparency. Used in optical applications.

52. Ceramics

53. Composites : Composites are materials made from two or more different constituents with distinct physical or chemical properties. These constituents, known as the matrix and the reinforcement, combine to form a material with enhanced characteristics that may not be achievable with individual components alone . They are used in various industries for specific properties such as strength, weight reduction, durability, or corrosion resistance . Components of Composites: Matrix: The matrix is the continuous phase that surrounds and holds together the reinforcement. It can be a polymer, metal, ceramic, or a combination of these materials. Reinforcement: The reinforcement is the discontinuous phase embedded within the matrix. The reinforcement provides additional strength, stiffness, or other desirable properties to the composite. Common reinforcement materials include fibers , particles, or flakes. Composites

54. Polymer Matrix Composites (PMCs): Polymer matrices, such as epoxy or polyester, are commonly used in composites for applications like aerospace and automotive components. Metal Matrix Composites (MMCs): Metal matrices, often aluminum or magnesium, are used for their enhanced strength and stiffness in applications like aerospace and automotive parts. Ceramic Matrix Composites (CMCs): Ceramic matrices, like silicon carbide, are employed in high-temperature applications such as gas turbine components. Different Composites based on matrix

55. Different Composites based on Reinforcement Fiber-Reinforced Composites: Fibers such as glass, carbon, aramid, or natural fibers are embedded in the matrix to enhance strength and stiffness. Particle-Reinforced Composites: Particles like silicon carbide or aluminum oxide are added to improve hardness and wear resistance. Flake-Reinforced Composites: Flakes of materials like mica or graphite can enhance properties like thermal conductivity and lubrication.

56. Advantages of Composites: High Strength-to-Weight Ratio: Composites often exhibit superior strength and stiffness compared to traditional materials, such as metals or plastics, at a lower weight. Corrosion Resistance: Many composites are resistant to corrosion, making them suitable for applications in harsh environments. Tailored Properties: Properties of composites can be tailored by choosing specific combinations of matrix and reinforcement materials to meet specific application requirements. Design Flexibility: Composites offer design flexibility, allowing for the creation of complex shapes and structures. Fatigue Resistance: Composites can have excellent fatigue resistance, making them suitable for applications subject to repetitive loading.

57. Applications: Aerospace: Composite materials are widely used in aircraft and spacecraft due to their lightweight, high strength properties. Components like wings, fuselages, and interior panels often incorporate composites. Automotive: The automotive industry uses composites in vehicle parts to reduce weight and improve fuel efficiency. This includes components like body panels and interior parts. Construction: Composites are used in construction for applications such as bridges, reinforcing materials, and architectural elements. Sports and Recreation: Equipment like tennis rackets, golf clubs, and bicycles often use composites for their lightweight and high-performance characteristics. Marine: Composites are ideal for boat hulls and structures as they are resistant to corrosion and provide buoyancy.

58. Challenges and Considerations of Composites: Cost: Some advanced composite materials can be expensive to produce. Recycling: Recycling composites can be challenging, and strategies for sustainable end-of-life management are being explored. Joining and Repair: Joining and repairing composites can be more complex than traditional materials. Environmental Impact: The production of certain composite materials may involve environmentally impactful processes. Efforts are being made to develop more sustainable composite materials.

59. Smart materials Smart materials, also known as responsive or intelligent materials, that exhibit unique and adaptive properties in response to external stimuli such as temperature, stress, light, or magnetic fields. Here are some key types of smart materials and their characteristics: Shape Memory Alloys (SMAs): Working Principle : SMAs can "remember" and return to their original shape after being deformed. Applications: Used in robotics, aerospace components, medical devices (e.g., stents), and actuators.

60. Smart materials Photochromic Materials: Working Principle: Change colour in response to light exposure. Applications: Sunglasses, eyeglass lenses, and textiles. Electrochromic Materials: Working Principle: Change colour in response to an applied electric field. Applications: Smart windows, rearview mirrors, and displays. Thermochromic Materials: Working Principle: Change colour in response to temperature variations. Applications: Smart windows, textiles, and temperature-sensitive labels.

61. Self-Healing Materials: Working Principle: Materials that can repair damage autonomously. Applications: Aerospace materials, coatings, and automotive components. Smart materials Magneto strictive Materials: Working Principle: Change shape in response to a magnetic field. Applications: Actuators, sensors, and vibration control devices. Smart Concrete: Working Principle: Embedded sensors in concrete can monitor stress, strain, and temperature. Applications: Structural health monitoring, smart infrastructure.

62. Smart materials Applications: I. In aerospace, shape memory alloys are used for morphing wings, reducing aerodynamic drag, and enhancing fuel efficiency. II. In healthcare, smart materials are used for drug delivery systems, tissue engineering, and wearable health monitoring devices. III. In electronics, piezoelectric materials are used in sensors, actuators, and energy harvesting devices. IV. In construction, smart materials can be used to create self-healing concrete that repairs cracks, increasing the durability of infrastructure. V. In textiles, thermochromics fabrics can provide temperature-sensitive color-changing clothing

63. Thank you

64. Examples Of Common Metals Iron: Used in construction, machinery, and as the primary component of steel. Copper: Known for its electrical conductivity and used in wiring and plumbing. Aluminum: Lightweight and corrosion-resistant, it's used in aircraft, packaging, and construction . Gold and Silver : Valuable and prized for their luster, they are used in jewelry and as monetary assets. Lead: Historically used in pipes and solder, although its use has decreased due to health concerns . Titanium: Known for its strength-to-weight ratio, it's used in aerospace and medical implants . Mercury : A liquid metal at room temperature, it's used in some scientific instruments. Metals play a fundamental role in various industries and technologies due to their unique combination of properties. They are essential in manufacturing, construction, electronics, transportation, and many other fields

65. Classification of materials Familiar objects that are made of metals and metal alloys: (from left to right) silverware (fork and knife), scissors, coins, a gear, a wedding ring, and a nut and bolt Common objects that are made of ceramic materials: scissors, a china tea cup, a building brick, a floor tile, and a glass vase. Several common objects that are made of polymeric materials: plastic tableware (spoon, fork, and knife), billiard balls, a bicycle helmet, two dice, a lawnmower wheel (plastic hub and rubber tire), and a plastic milk carton

66. X-rays are  a form of electromagnetic radiation, similar to visible light . Unlike light, however, x-rays have higher energy and can pass through most objects, including the body. Medical x-rays are used to generate images of tissues and structures inside the body. What is a CT scan used for? Computed Tomography (CT) Scan | Johns Hopkins Medicine A CT scan can show detailed images of any part of the body, including the bones, muscles, organs and blood vessels. CT scans can also be used for fluid or tissue biopsies, or as part of preparation for surgery or treatment.

67. CT scans take a fast series of X-ray pictures, which are put together to create images of the area that was scanned. An MRI uses strong magnetic fields to take pictures of the inside of the body. CT scans are usually the first choice for imaging. MRIs are useful for certain diseases that a CT scan cannot detect.

68. Emerging Technologies used in Energy Sector, Manufacturing Sector, Automotive Sector, Aerospace Sector, Marine Sector Bio Medical Engineering: Biomedical engineering is an interdisciplinary field that applies principles of engineering and biology to develop technologies and solutions for healthcare and medical purposes. It plays a crucial role in improving patient care, advancing medical research, and enhancing the overall quality of life. Here are some key technologies used in the biomedical engineering sector: 1. Medical Imaging: 2. Biomechanics and Prosthetics: 3. Biological Sensors and Monitoring Devices: 4. Medical Robotics:

69. 1. Medical Imaging: X-ray Imaging : X-rays are used for diagnosing fractures, dental issues, and internal injuries. Computed Tomography (CT): CT scans provide detailed cross-sectional images of the body's internal structures. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI): MRI uses strong magnetic fields and radio waves to produce high-resolution images of soft tissues. Ultrasound Imaging: Ultrasound technology is safe and non-invasive, making it suitable for prenatal care and imaging soft tissues 2. Biomechanics and Prosthetics: Orthopedic Implants: Biomedical engineers design and improve artificial joints , such as hip and knee replacements. Prosthetic Limbs : Prosthetic devices are developed with advanced materials and technologies to enhance mobility and functionality. Biomechanical Analysis: Biomechanics research helps understand human movement and develop assistive devices for individuals with mobility challenges

70. 3. Biological Sensors and Monitoring Devices: Blood Glucose Monitors: Continuous glucose monitors (CGMs) help manage diabetes by tracking blood sugar levels. Heart Rate Monitors: Wearable devices and ECG sensors monitor heart health and detect irregularities . Implantable Sensors: Implantable devices measure various physiological parameters and transmit data to healthcare providers. 4. Medical Robotics : Surgical Robots: Robotic-assisted surgery systems enhance precision and minimally invasive procedures. Rehabilitation Robots : Robots assist in physical therapy and rehabilitation . Telemedicine Robots: Remote-controlled robots facilitate telemedicine consultations and patient care.

71. Emerging Technologies used in Energy Sector, Manufacturing Sector, Automotive Sector, Aerospace Sector, Marine Sector, Bio Medical Engineering, Infrastructure Sector Infrastructure: The infrastructure sector encompasses a wide range of industries and activities related to the construction, maintenance, and management of physical structures and systems that support modern society. These technologies play a crucial role in improving the quality, safety, and sustainability of infrastructure. Here are some key technologies used in the infrastructure sector: Building Information Modeling (BIM): Advanced Materials and Construction Techniques: Geospatial Technologies: Smart Infrastructure: Water and Wastewater Treatment: Green Infrastructure:

72. 1. Building Information Modeling (BIM): BIM is a digital representation of a building's physical and functional characteristics . It helps architects, engineers, and construction professionals collaborate , plan, and manage building projects more efficiently. 2. Advanced Materials and Construction Techniques: Innovative materials such as self-healing concrete, high-performance steel, and advanced composites enhance the durability and sustainability of infrastructure . Prefabrication and modular construction methods speed up project timelines and reduce waste. 3. Geospatial Technologies: Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and remote sensing technologies provide critical data for site selection, land-use planning, and infrastructure management . Global Positioning System (GPS) technology aids in surveying, mapping, and navigation .

73. 4. Smart Infrastructure: Smart buildings and smart cities incorporate IoT sensors, automation, and data analytics to optimize energy use, enhance security, and improve overall functionality . Intelligent transportation systems (ITS) improve traffic flow and safety through real-time monitoring and control. 5. Water and Wastewater Treatment: Advanced water treatment processes, like membrane filtration and desalination , ensure access to clean drinking water . Efficient wastewater treatment systems reduce pollution and protect the environment . 6. Green Infrastructure: Green roofs, permeable pavements, and urban forestry help manage storm water , mitigate heat islands, and improve air quality in urban areas.