UNIT I.pptx Accident Causes and Preventi

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1. INTRODUCTION TO BY- Ms. GYAN JYOTI TUTOR, ACON

2. The first simple forms of life appeared on earth more then 3 billion years ago. Their descendants have changed and developed into the several million type of animals , plants and microorganisms are recognized. Microscopic forms of life are present in vast numbers in nearly every environment like soil, water, food, air , etc. INTRODUCTION

3. Micro :- smallest or very smallest Bio :- living thing Logy :- logos means the study The study of micro (very small) livings things that we can’t seen easily. MEANING

4. Microbiology is the science of living organisms that are only visible under the microscope. Microbiology is the science that dealing with the study of microorganisms. Microorganisms : An organism that can be seen only with the aid of a microscope and that typically consist of only a single cell.  Microorganisms include : bacteria, fungi, protozoa, microscopic algae, viruses, various parasitic worms   INTRODUCTION

5. Medical microbiology deals with the causative agents of infectious diseases of man, his reaction to such infections, the ways in which they produce disease and the methods for their diagnosis. INTRODUCTION

6. Microbiology is the science that deals with the study of micro-organisms . DEFINITION

7. SUBDIVISION OF MICROBIOLOGY

8. Microbiology is a subject which deals with microbes and their related concepts. Nurses are involved in controlling infection in hospital , so nurses must know about microbiology. IMPORTANCE AND RELEVANCE TO NURSING

9. To know about harmful and harmless microorganisms to human being. Nurses apply the microbiology knowledge in health care for diagnosis and sterilization method and cleanliness . Nurses use hot water and antiseptics as measure to sterilise the surgical instruments, needles etc. Cont..

10. Microbiology also gives knowledge to nurses on how to handle a patient and his samples infected with communicable disease, to free from microbes. It also helps to detect disease like tuberculosis by simple skin test . Also diagnostic tests like ELISA, electrophoresis and radioimmunoassay also use to principles of microbiology for identification of disease. Cont..

11. Scientific development of microbiology was ushered by Louis Pasteur , perfection on microbiological studies by Robert Koch , the introduction of antiseptic surgery by Lord Lister and the contributions of Paul Ehrlich in chemotherapy. HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVES

12. 1st time ‘Aristotle’ gave the concept of living and non-living organism. In 19th century ‘Roger Bacon’ gave the term disease and it is caused by microorganism. ‘ Fracastorius ’ in 1546 gave the concept of communicable disease , which affect the health person when they come in contact with infected person. History of microbiology

13. Anton Van Leeuwenhoek In 1st concept of living microorganism was given by the ‘Anton-van-Leeuwenhoek’ by in 1676 . So, he is known as founder of microbiology , he also gave the term for protozoa and bacteria , using single lens microscope constructed by him

14. In 1729 ‘Spallanzani’ prepare the first culture media in which bacteria and virus can be grow. Scientist ‘John Tyndall’ say that the microorganism are kills at high temperature , this is called Tyndall effect History of microbiology

15. Edward Jenner (1796): developed 1 st vaccine of the world i.e.smallpox vaccine. He used the cowpox virus ( variolae vaccinae ) to immunize children against smallpox from which the term vaccine has been derived, the same principles are even used today for developing the vaccines. History of microbiology

16. Louis Pasteur (1822-1895) The term microbiology was given by ‘Lewis Pasteur ’ and he is also known as father of microbiology. Lewis Pasteur gave the term aerobic and anaerobic bacteria. He was a trained chemist of France. His studies on fermentation led him to take interest in microbiology.

17. Development of methods and techniques of bacteriology. He established that fermentation was caused by microbial agents for the preservation of food. Introduction of sterilisation techniques and development of steam steriliser , autoclave and hot air oven. Described the method of pasteurization of milk . Lewis Pasteur explains that when milk is heated at 62.8° for 30 minutes then all microbes are killing and milk becomes pure, this process is known as pasteurization. Important Contributions of Louis Pasteur in Microbiology 

18. Contributed to Live vaccine :- He introduced attenuated live vaccine for prophylactic use against anthrax, chicken cholera and rabies. He postulated the germ theory of disease which states that disease cannot be caused by bad air but it is produced by the organism present in the air. Liquid media concept : used nutrient broth to grow microorganism. Cont..

19. Robert Koch (1843-1910) He is also known as the father of bacteriology .

20. His contributions are as follows:  Perfected bacteriological techniques and introduced methods for isolation of bacteria in pure strains. Introduced solid media for culture of bacteria. Described hanging drop method for testing motility. Introduced staining techniques . Discovered bacteria such as anthrax bacillus (1876), tubercle Bacillus (1882) and the cholera vibrios (1883). He has given Koch’s postulates and Koch’s phenomenon.

21. According to Koch’s postulates, a microorganism can be accepted as the causative agent of an infectious disease only if 4 criteria are fulfilled. These criteria are as follows: The organism should be constantly associated with the lesions of the disease. It should be possible to Isolate the organism in pure culture from the lesions of the disease. The isolated organism (in pure culture) when inoculated in suitable laboratory animals should produce a similar disease. It should be possible to re-isolate the organism in pure culture from the lesions produced in the experimental animals. KOCH’S POSTULATES:

22. He introduced the importance of hand hygiene in healthcare facilities. He proposed that improper hand hygiene practice during delivery led to the transmission of infection causing outbreak of puerperal fever. Ignaz Semmelweis (1846)

23. Paul Ehrlich (1854-1915) Paul Ehrlich was a German scientist and is also known as father of chemotherapy. His contributions are as follows:   Reported the acid-fast nature of tubercle bacillus. Introduced methods of standardizing toxin and antitoxin.

24. Joseph Lister (1827-1912) He applied Pasteur's work and introduced antiseptic techniques in surgery (1867) effecting a pronounced drop in mortality and morbidity due to surgical sepsis. He instructed surgeons under his responsibility to wear clean gloves and wash their hand before and after operation with 5% carbolic acid solution. He is known as Father of antiseptic surgery .

25. He developed a method of staining bacteria which was named as Gram stain to make them more visible and differentiable under a microscope. Alexander Fleming (1929) He discovered the most commonly used antibiotic substance of the last century i.e. penicillin from fungus. Penicillin was isolated from tobacco leaf. Ernst Ruska (1931): founder of electron microscope. Karry B Mullis (1993): discovered polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and was awarded Noble Prize in 1993. Hans Christian Gram (1884)

26. Lepra bacillus : Hansen (1874) Gonococcus : Neisser (1881) Diphtheria bacillus : Klebs (1883), Loeffler (1884) Pneumococcus : Frankel ( 1886) Meningococcus : Weichselbum (1887) Diphtheria toxin : Roux and Yersin (1888) Tetanus bacillus : Kitasato (1889) Important Discoveries by other Scientists

27. Bacteria  are typically unicellular, microscopic, prokaryotic organisms that reproduce by binary fission. Fungi ( yeasts and molds) are typically unicellular, microscopic, eukaryotic fungi that reproduce asexually by budding. Molds are typically filamentous, eukaryotic fungi that reproduce by producing asexual reproductive spores. TERMINOLOGIES IN MICROBIOLOGY

28. Viruses  are typically submicroscopic, a cellular infectious particles that can only replicate inside a living host cell. The vast majority of viruses possess either DNA or RNA, but not both. Pathogen :- A  pathogen  or infectious agent is a biological agent that causes disease or illness to its host. Protozoa  are typically unicellular, microscopic, eukaryotic organisms that lack a cell wall. Algae  are typically eukaryotic microorganisms that carry out photosynthesis Cont..

29. Pasteur discovered many of the basic principles of microbiology and, along with Robert Koch, laid the foundation for the science of microbiology. Biochemistry is  both life science and a chemical science  - it explores the chemistry of living organisms and the molecular basis for the changes occurring in living cells. It uses the methods of chemistry, "Biochemistry has become the foundation for understanding all biological processes.

30. Molecular Biology is the field of biology that studies the composition, structure and interactions of cellular molecules – such as nucleic acids and proteins – that carry out the biological processes essential for the cell's functions and maintenance. Genetics is  the scientific study of genes and heredity —of how certain qualities or traits are passed from parents to offspring as a result of changes in DNA sequence. A gene is a segment of DNA that contains instructions for building one or more molecules that help the body work.

31. 1. Environmental Sanitation : The environment in which man lives and works must be saved and remain healthy. It includes: Sanitation of food articles water supply Pure air Disposal of Excreta Protection of Environment from the breeding of flies, mosquito and intestinal parasites. General principles of Microbiology

32. 2. Proper Ventilation :- Microorganisms need moisture and favorable temperature to survive and multiply. So the houses should be designed to allow the external & internal ventilation. External ventilation : - admits proper sunlight and air which limit the growth of Microorganism. Internal ventilation : helps in balance of atmosphere inside the house. General principles of Microbiology

33. 3. Cleaning : House hold article should be placed to allow proper sunlight and air circulation, it will reduce moisture & Kill Microganisms . These include. Bed Avoid dry dusting and sweeping Damp dusting, mopping of floor is carried out to to prevent born infection. Bed making should be carried out with minimum shaking General principles of Microbiology

34. 4. Cleaning of food & kitchen utensils : Food should be properly covered and preserved All utensils should be cleansed properly before and after use in order to prevent diseases of GI track. 5. Handwashing and disinfection techniques General principles of Microbiology

35. 6. Personal hygiene -Habit of taking bath daily help in preventing skin infection Short nails prevents possibility of collecting dust and Microorganisms Cloths worn on duty, anyone working in industry, hospital or in office should not be used in homes until washed. General principles of Microbiology

36. 7. Nursing care at home : To prevent cross infection. Nosocomial infection Utensils of patients care should be kept separately 8. Health and Immunity : These can be maintained by Practicing good health habits. Safe environment. Adequate immunization Proper Rest & exercise. General principles of Microbiology