UNIT-II.-SECOND-QUARTER GENERAL BIOLOGY (1).pptx

BIOLOGY

1. MAJOR ORGANS OF THE BODY What makes up your body? Cell - is the basic unit of living matter. - made up of approximately 100 trillion – 100000000000000 cells). - Cells are responsible for digestion of food, excretion of wastes and transportation of blood. Tissue – the group of cells that work together. Organ is formed when tissues worked collectively. Organ system is formed by the organs. Organisms are different organ system that make up together. Homeostasis means  balance or equilibrium . The major organs of the body perform several functions to keep you alive and healthy.

2. MAJOR ORGANS OF THE BODY BRAIN It is found inside the skull ( skull is the bone structure of the head that supports the face and protects the brain). It is the main organ of the nervous system. It is the control center of all actions of the body parts. S pinal cord  carries nerve signals from your brain to your body and vice versa. Helps the body perform voluntary and involuntary functions including emotions, speech, memory and judgement. Helps in communicating sensory information such as seeing, touching, hearing, smelling and tasting.

3. HOW DOES THE BRAIN WORKS? midbrain Cerebrum (Forebrain) Cerebral cortex Brainstem Cerebellum (Hindbrain)

4. Cerebrum ((Forebrain) The largest part of the brain. Controls sensory information and voluntary muscle contractions. Cerebral cortex - outer layer of the cerebrum. - responsible for sight, movement, sensation and language.

5. Cerebellum (Hindbrain) - integrates the sensory signals from the ears, eyes and muscles to help the body maintain balance and coordination of movements. Medulla oblongata (brainstem) - controls reflex activities such as heartbeat and breathing. Hypothalamus - responsible for homeostasis. - It contains the centers for controlling and integrating metabolism and appetite, body temperature, water balance and sleep. Thalamus - receives impulses from different sensory areas and passes them to the cerebrum.

6. MAJOR ORGANS OF THE BODY HEART

7. MAJOR ORGANS OF THE BODY HEART It is an organ of the circulatory system. Its main function is to pump blood throughout the body, supplying oxygen and nutrients to the tissues and removing carbon dioxide and other wastes from the cells. It is an involuntary cardiac muscle located at the chest and as big as your fist . It has four chambers or hollow spaces : upper chambers called atriums and lower chambers called ventricles. ATRIUMS are referred as holding chambers, that receives oxygen-poor blood from the body. VENTRICLES referred as the pumping chambers, pump oxygen-rich blood from the lungs to the body.

8. Blood vessels delivers blood to the organs and tissues in your body . TYPES OF BLOOD VESSELS Arteries- carry blood away from the heart. Veins – carry blood towards the heart. Capillaries – allow the exchanges of gases and nutrients between blood and tissues. Cardiovascular system - made up of heart, blood and blood vessels. - responsible for circulation in the body.

9. HOW DOES THE HEART WORKS? Blood Circulation through the Heart https://www.youtube.com/ watch ?v=tg_ObDJEaGo The deoxygenated or oxygen-poor blood from your body enters the right atrium of the heart. It is then pumped to the lungs through the right ventricle. The lungs remove impurities and carbon dioxide and produce oxygenated or oxygen rich blood. From the lungs, the oxygenated blood enters the heart through the left atrium. It is then pumped to the body through the left ventricle. Finally, the oxygen-rich blood is dispersed to all the body organs through the capillaries to keep tissues and cell alive.

10. MAJOR ORGANS OF THE BODY LUNGS It is made up of elastic, sponge tissue. A part of the respiratory system that work together with the cardiovascular system in the delivery of oxygen and nutrients to the different parts of the body. It is where gas exchange occurs. Oxygen is taken from the outside environment and carbon dioxide is eliminated as the waste product of respiration in the body.

11. Bronchiolar muscle -   induces airway narrowing.  Alveoli - t iny air sacs at the end of the bronchioles. Bronchi - t he large air passages that lead from the trachea (windpipe) to the lungs. Bronchioles - are  air passages inside the lungs that branch off like tree limbs from the bronchi.

12. HOW DOES THE LUNGS WORKS? GAS EXCHANGE INSIDE THE LUNGS As you breathe in or inhale , your nose or mouth collects and filters the air from the outside environment. The trachea or windpipe brings the oxygen to your lungs. Inside the lungs, oxygen is transferred to the blood in the heart through the alveoli or any tiny air sacs. As you breathe out or exhale, the carbon dioxide and other impurities from tissues and cells are removed through alveoli.

13. MAJOR ORGANS OF THE BODY LIVER It is the largest internal organ and is part of the digestive system. It is a gland that produces bile, which aids digestion and breaks down fats in the food we eat. It is responsible for taking the toxins out of the blood. *The body cannot survive without a healthy liver.

14. HOW DOES THE LIVER WORKS? FUNCTIONS OF THE LIVER Produces a liquid knowns as bile, which aids in digestion and breaks down fats in the food we eat. Its network of veins warms the blood and helps maintain body temperature Eliminates ammonia that comes from amino acids when making blood sugar Filters out toxic wastes in your blood and have them disposed of in the urine.

15. MAJOR ORGANS OF THE BODY Stomach and Intestines pharynx esophagus large intestine small intestine liver anus stomach rectum

16. Stomach and Intestines Stomach and intestine are organs of the digestive system. Stomach is a flexible hollow muscular organ shaped like a bag that can expand. it can contain up to 3 liters of food for two to five hours each meal. It secretes enzyme to help in digestion of food – pepsin for protein digestion and hydrochloric acid for maintaining the acidic environment within the stomach to eliminate pathogens that may enter the body along with food Small intestine It is the most vital part of the food tube or alimentary canal. It contains digestive juices and other enzymes that helps in the final digestion of food. Villi is the inner walls of the small intestine that is consist of finger-like projections. It brings blood closer to the digested food for the absorption of nutrients.

17. Large intestine Also known as “colon” It absorbs water from the undigested food and recycle the water back to the body. Feces are the undigested food when water is absorbed. Pharynx usually called the throat. It  carries air, food and fluid down from the nose and mouth. Esophagus the muscular tube that carries food and liquids from your mouth to the stomach. Rectum the concluding part of the large intestine that terminates in the anus. Anus the opening of the rectum through which stool passes out of your body.

18. HOW DOES THE STOMACH AND LARGE INTESTINE WORKS? After the food mass or bolus is ground between teeth and mixed with saliva, it passes to the esophagus, which links the mouth to the stomach Then, the small intestines absorbs nutrients and distributes them throughout your body by the circulation of blood. The stomach twists, squeezes, churns and mixes food with gastric juices. Then, the chyme (food + enzymes + gastric juices) squirts into the small intestines. The esophagus moves in wavelike motion, called peristalsis , to push the bolus down the stomach The undigested food cannot pass through the villi so it enters the large intestine. The walls of the large intestine absorb excess water, which is taken back to the tissues. Thus undigested food waste , known as feces collects at the rectum and is eliminated through the anus.

19. MAJOR ORGANS OF THE BODY KIDNEY The body is consist of two bean-shaped kidneys. It helps to remove the excess salt, water and waste products from the blood. It secretes hormone that activate the bone marrow to produce red blood cells, which carry oxygen throughout the blood.

20. KIDNEY right kidney It is positioned slightly lower. Smaller in size. left kidney It is positioned slightly higher. Larger in size. renal arteries are large blood vessels that carry blood from your heart to your kidneys renal veins  are blood vessels that return blood to the heart from the kidney. Ureter a tube that carries urine from the kidney to the urinary bladder .  right kidney renal arteries and renal veins ureter left kidney

21. HOW DOES THE KIDNEYS WORKS? Through the renal arteries, both kidneys receive blood for filtration and removal of wastes. The clean and filtered blood returns to your body through the renal vein. From the kidneys, all wastes and extra water or urine are carried to the bladder through the tubes called ureter. The bladder serves as temporary storage of urine until it passed from the body through the urethra.

22. MAJOR ORGANS OF THE BODY BONES Bone is a part of the skeletal system. a rigid tissue that constitutes part of the skeleton in most vertebrate. Bones protect the various organs of the body, produce red and white blood cells, store minerals. It also provide structure and support for the body, and enable mobility. Serves as the storage of minerals like calcium and phosphorus. Marrow is the soft tissue of the bone. It is consists of red blood cells ( delivers oxygen and nutrients throughout the body ) and white blood cells ( protects the body against infection and diseases ). The skeletal system is composed of bones, tendons, ligaments and cartilages.

23. ALL about BONES Cartilages Fibrous connective tissues that cover the ends of some bones to prevent wear and tear. Ligaments Strong cords of connective tissues that can stretch and produce synovial fluid. Synovial membrane   are connective tissue membranes that line the cavities of the freely movable joints such as the shoulder, elbow, and knee.  Synovial fluid also known as joint fluid  a thick liquid located between your joints. Joint cavity a joint that is filled with synovial fluid. fibrous capsule synovial membrane Joint cavity with synovial fluid bones cartilages

24. MAJOR ORGANS OF THE BODY MUSCLES Muscle is part of the muscular system which is consist of 650 muscles. It is composed of tiny nerves, blood vessels and bundles of fiber that gives the human body its definite shape and form. Muscles make up nearly half of the body weight. T he muscles of the human body works with the skeletal system.

25. MUSCLES Chest muscles Biceps Flexors Abdominal muscles Quadriceps Flexors abdominal muscles biceps chest muscles flexors quadriceps flexors

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