Unit III, chapter-1-Body fluids and Blood

As PCI Syllabus,
B.Pharm. First Year, sem:- I.
HAP-I

1. 1
By
Mr. Audumbar Mali,
Asst. Professor,
SahyadriCollege of
Pharmacy, Methwade
Unit-III
1. Body fluids and blood
BP101T. Human Anatomy And Physiology-I
(Theory)

2. 19-2
Body fluids are fluids inside the body of living
organisms which serve as a medium for carrying nutrients
to and waste products from the cells and a medium for
carrying the chemical communicators that coordinate
activities among cells. Examples of body fluids are
interstitial fluid, blood plasma, urine, lymph, cerebrospinal
fluid, aqueous humor, and sensorial fluid.
The most abundant is interstitial fluid, which
directly surrounds most cells and fills the spaces between
them. It makes up about 17% of body weight. Another
body fluid is blood plasma, which flows in the arteries and
veins. It makes up about 5% of body weight. Other body
fluids that occur in lesser amounts are urine, lymph,
cerebrospinal fluid, aqueous humor, and sensorial fluid.

3. 19-3
BodyFluidCompartments:
The total body fluid is distributed mainly between two
compartments: the extra cellular fluid and the intracellular
fluid.
1. Extra cellular fluids: All the fluids outside the cells
are collectively called the extra cellular fluid. Together
these fluids account for about 20 per cent of the body
weight, or about 14 liters in a normal 70-kilogram adult.
TheextracellularfluidcontainstheInterstitialfluidand
theplasma.Interstitialfluidcontainsmorethanthree
fourthsoftheextracellularfluidandplasmacontains
almostonefourthoftheextracellularfluidorabout3
liters.

4. 19-4
2. Intracellular fluids:
All fluids inside the cells are collectively called the
intracellular fluid. The intracellular fluid constitutes
about 40 per cent of the total body weight in an
“average” person.
Note: There is another small compartment of fluid that
is referred to as Tran cellular fluid. This compartment
includes fluid in the sensorial, peritoneal, pericardial,
and intraocular spaces, as well as the cerebrospinal
fluid. It is usually considered to be a specialized type of
extra cellular fluid. All the transcellular fluids together
constitute about 1 to 2 liters.

5. 5
Functions of Blood
•Transport of:
–Gases,
–nutrients,
–waste products.
•Regulation of pH and osmosis,
•Maintenance of body temperature,
•Protection against foreign substances,
•Clot formation.

6. 6
Composition of Blood : -
Plasma = straw colored liquid
component of blood
–Water = 92%
–Solutes (plasma proteins) = 8%
Formed elements
= blood cells
–Erythrocytes
–Leukocytes
–Thrombocytes

7. 7
Plasma Protiens : -
Albumins = 55% of plasmaproteins
–Increases bloodviscosity
Globulins = 38% of plasmaproteins
–Gammaglobulins
–Serve as antibodies in immuneresponse
Fibrinogens = 7% of plasmaproteins
–Precursor to the proteinfibrin
–Major role in blood clottingmechanism

8. Serum : -
8
•Serum is defined as when plasma
fibrinogen and other blood clotting
factors have been removed.

9. Hematopoiesis or hemopoiesis : -
•The process of formation of blood cells i.e.
RBC’S, WBC’S and platelets is called as
haematopoiesis and the sites where it occurs
are known as hemopoietic tissues or organs
(bone marrow, Liver, spleen).
•Hematopoietic stem cells present in yolk
sac migrate to other parts like spleen, liver
and bone marrow.
•The hematopoietic stem cells present in
yolk sac at third week of embryo migrate to
liver at around third month of foetal life.9

10. •So, around third month of embryo the liver
gets populated with these stem cells and
become a major organ for haematopoiesis-
DOMINANT MIGRATION.
•Some hematopoietic stem cells also migrate
to lymph nodes, spleen –MINOR
MIGRATION.
•Liver , lymph nodes and spleen continue as
hematopoietic organs until birth.
10

11. •After birth, liver stops its hematopoietic
activity because around 4 th month of foetal
life migration of stem cells from liver,
lymph nodes and spleen takes place to bone
marrow.
•So at time of fourth month of foetal life,
hemopoiesis takes place in bone marrow.
•Bone marrow is permanent residence for
hematopoietic stem cells.
•At time of birth, all hematopoietic stem
cells are limited to bone marrow and bone
marrow will be active. 11

12. •Active bone marrow is called as RED
BONE MARROW and inactive bone
marrow is called as YELLOW BONE
MARROW.
•Yellow bone marrow is accumulated with
fat cells, so it is yellow in colour and red
bone marrow is highly vascular and rich in
hematopoietic stem cells.
•In new born, if hematopoiesis is going on
outside of bone marrow i.e. in liver, spleen
and lymph nodes it is called as EXTRA
MEDULLARY HEMATOPOIESIS .
12

13. 13
Hematopoiesis : -

14. 14
Such multipotential hematopoietic stem cells arise
from the aorta-gonad-mesonephros region of the
embryo (process illustrated below).

15. 15
Production of Formed Elements : -
•Stem cells: All formed elements derived
from single population.
–Proerythroblasts: Develop into red blood cells,
–Myeloblasts: Develop into basophils,
neutrophils, eosinophils,
–Lymphoblasts: Develop into lymphocytes,
–Monoblasts: Develop into monocytes,
–Megakaryoblasts: Develop into platelets.

16. 16
Erythrocytes : -
•Structure
–Biconcave, anucleate
•Components
–Hemoglobin
–Lipids, ATP, carbonic
anhydrase
•Function
–Transport oxygen from
lungs to tissues and
carbon dioxide from
tissues to lungs

17. 17
Erythropoiesis : -
•Production of red blood cells called as an Erythropoiesis.
–Stem cells proerythroblasts early erythroblasts
intermediate late reticulocytes
•Erythropoietin: Hormone to stimulate RBC production

18. 18
Hemoglobin : -
•It is a Red pigment
Present in RBC of Blood.
It is a conjugated protein, &
Chromoprotein.
It is made up of Iron and Protein.
•Consists of:
–4 globin molecules: Transport carbon dioxide (carbonic
anhydrase involved), nitric oxide.
–4 heme molecules: Transport oxygen
•Iron is required for oxygen transport.

19. NORMAL VALUES OF HEMOGLOBIN
Males -14 –17 gm/100ml
Females-12 –15 gm/100ml
Functions ofHemoglobin
1.Transportoxygentotissues
2.TransportCo2tolungs
3.Maintainsacidbasebalance(Asa
Buffer)
19

20. Formation ofHemoglobin:-
i)2 succinyl –CoA + 2 glysine Pyrrole
ii)4 Pyrrole Protoporphyrin IX
iii)Protoporphyrin IX + Fe2+ Heme
iv)Heme + Polypeptide Hemoglobin chain (α or β)
v)2 αchains + 2 β chains Haemoglobin A.
20

21. 21
Succinyl-CoAGlycine
Pyridoxal phosphate
αAmino -β-ketoadipic acid
ALA (aminolevulinic acid )synthetase
α amino-δ-Laevulinic acid

ALAdehydrogenase.
Porphobilinogen
Protoporphyrin IX
ferrous
Haem globin
haemoglobin

22. 22
Hemostasis : -
•Arrest of bleeding,
•Events preventing excessive blood loss : -
–Vascular spasm: Vasoconstrictionof damaged
blood vessels,
–Platelet plug formation,
–Coagulation or blood clotting,
–Fibrinolysis.

23. 20
Platelet Plug Formation

24. 24
Coagulation : -
•Stages
–Activation of
prothrombinase
–Conversion of
prothrombin to
thrombin
–Conversion of
fibrinogen to fibrin
•Pathways
–Extrinsic
–Intrinsic

25. 25
Clot Formation : -

26. 26
Fibrinolysis : -
•Clot dissolved by
activity of plasmin,
an enzyme which
hydrolyzes fibrin

27. 27
Blood Groups : -
Classified by genetically determined
antigens located on the surface of
erythrocytes.
Two major classification systems : -
–ABO System,
–Rh System.

28. ABO bloodSystem: -
InABObloodsystemclassificationof
humanbloodbasedontheinherited
propertiesofredbloodcells(erythrocytes)
asdeterminedbythepresenceorabsenceof
theantigensAandB,whicharecarriedon
thesurfaceoftheredcells.Personsmay
havetypeA,typeB,typeO,ortype
ABblood.
TransfusionReaction
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29. 29
•.

30. Rh BloodGrouping : -
Also based upon antigenslocated on the
surface of erythrocytes.
Named because it was first worked out on
blood of Rhesus monkeys,
Rh+ = 85% people have Rhesus antigen,
and they do not make anti-Rhesus
antibodies.
Rh-= Remaining 15% peoples have no
Rhesus antigen hence they make anti-
Rhesus antibodies.
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31. Rh BloodGroupings : -
31
If an Rh-person receives blood from an Rh+
donor, the body will start to make Rh+ antibodies
(agglutinins)
If during a second transfusion, Rh+ blood is again
given, the antibodies produced after receiving the
first transfusion will cause hemolysis of the blood
from the second transfusion
May result in death.

32. Bloodtransfusions : -
Person with type A blood
–May receive blood from type A or O donor
–May not receive type B or AB blood
Person with type B blood
–May receive blood from type B or O donor
–May not receive type A or AB blood
Person with type AB blood
–May receive blood from type A, type B, or
type O donors
–(universal recipients).
32

33. Person with type O blood
–May only receive blood from
type O donors
–May donate blood to all other
blood types
–(Universal donors)
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34. Blood Disorders : -
34
•.

35. Leukemia : -
Malignant disease of blood forming
tissue.
Uncontrolled production and
accumulation of immature
WBC’s.
May prevent production of normal
RBC’s.
May have uncontrolled infection due to
abundance of immature or abnormal
wbc’s that cannot fight infection or
disease.
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36. Infectiousmononucleosis : -
Contagious (i. e. spread from one persone to
another persone) disease primarily affecting
the lymph tissue but also affecting the blood.
Caused by the epstein -barr virus (EBV).
Occurs mainly in children and young adults.
Affects females 3 times more than male.
Most commonly transmitted through oral
contact.
Flu like symptoms, chronic fatigue.
36

37. Polycythemia : -
Itisanabnormallyincreased
concentrationofhaemoglobininthe
blood,eitherthroughreductionof
plasmavolumeorincreaseinredcell
numbers.Itmaybeaprimarydiseaseof
unknowncause,orasecondary
conditionlinkedtorespiratoryor
circulatorydisorderorcancer.Results
inincreasedbloodviscosityand
elevatedbloodpressure.
37

38. Anemia : -
Anaemia is a condition in which deficiency
of red cells or of haemoglobin in the blood.
Reduced oxygen carrying capacity of the
blood.
Nutritional anemia = caused by dietary
deficiency due to inadequate iron, amino
acids, or vitamin B12 consumption.
Perniciousanemia = anemia due to
insufficient hematopoiesis.
Hemorrhagic anemia = anemia due to
excessive loss of rbc’s due to bleeding.
38

39. Hemolyticanemia = anemia due to
premature rupture of RBC membrane
spilling hemoglobin and other cellular
contents into the plasma: -
–Hemoglobin defects
–Abnormal RBC enzymes
–Defects in RBC membrane
–Parasites-toxins
–Antibodies from incompatible blood
Thalassemia= type of hereditary
hemolytic anemia due to a defect in the
production of hemoglobin
39

40. Aplastic anemia = anemia due to the destruction
or inhibition of red bone marrow.
Sickle cell anemia = due to abnormal hemoglobin
(S shaped) that causes RBC to bend into a sickle
shape.
–Cells rupture easily
–Cells get cut off blood supply to organs
–Inheritedconditionduetofaultygenefor
hemoglobinproductionandformation
40

41. 41
Normal Sickle
Sickle cell anemia

42. Hemophilia : -
42
It hereditary disorder of the coagulation process (blood
will not clot) due to the lack of certain clotting factors in
the blood (factor VIII).

43. Reticulo endothelialSystem : -
•ReticuloendothelialSystem:-It
isanetworkofcellsandtissuesfound
throughoutthebody,especiallyintheblood,
generalconnectivetissue,spleen,liver,
lungs,bonemarrow,andlymphnodes. They
havebothendothelialandreticularattributes
andtheabilitytotakeupcolloidaldyeparticles.
Someofthereticuloendothelialcellsfoundin
thebloodandinthegeneralconnectivetissue
arelargeinsize. 43

44. •Thesecellsareconcernedwithbloodcell
formationanddestruction,storageoffatty
materials,andmetabolismofironand
pigment,andtheyplayaroleininflammation
andimmunity.Someofthecellsaremotile
—thatis,capableofspontaneousmotion—
andphagocytic—
theycaningestanddestroyunwanted
foreignmaterial.
44

45. •ThereticuloendothelialcellsoftheSPLEEN
possesstheabilitytodisposeof
disintegratederythrocytes.Theydonot,
however,destroyhemoglobin,whichis
liberatedintheprocess.
Thereticuloendothelialcellslocatedinthe
bloodcavitiesoftheLIVERarecalled
Kupffercells. (i.e. a phagocyticcell which
located in the liver and is involved in the
breakdown of red blood cells are called as
an Kupffercells.)
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46. Thesecells,togetherwiththecellsofgener
alconnectivetissueandbonemarrow,are
capableoftransformingintobilepigment
thenhemoglobinreleasedbydisintegrated
erythrocytes.
Microglialcellsareaspecialised
populationofmacrophagesthatarefound
inthecentralnervoussystem(CNS).They
removedamagedneuronsandinfections
andareimportantformaintainingthe
healthoftheCNS.
43

47. Reticulo endothelialSystem : -
47

48. References:
1. Human Anatomy and Physiology-I,
By Dr. Mahesh Prasad, Dr. AnteshKumar
Jha, Mr. RiteshKumar Srivastav,
NiraliPrakashan, As per PCI Syllabus.
Page No. 3.1 to 3.21.
2. Human Anatomy and Physiology-I,
By Dr. S. B. Bhiseand Dr. A. V. Yadav.
NiraliPrakashan, As per PCI Syllabus.
Page No. 5.1 to 5.14.
3. www.google.com.

49. Thankyou
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