Unit iv Carbonyl Compounds

Structure and uses of Formaldehyde, Paraldehyde, Acetone, Chloral hydrate, Hexamine, Benzaldehyde, Vanillin, Cinnamaldehyde.

1. Carbonyl compounds* ( Aldehydes and ketones ) By Russell Martin Assistant Professor UNIT IV SIDDHI VINAYAK COLLEGE OF SCIENCE & HR. EDUCATION

2. Structure and uses of Formaldehyde, Paraldehyde, Acetone, Chloral hydrate, Hexamine, Benzaldehyde , Vanilin , Cinnamaldehyde .

3. Formaldehyde CH 2 O: Formaldehyde, also known as methanal and more commonly as formol , is an organic compound largely used in chemical industry as precursor in the production of resins, textiles and coatings. Formaldehyde is the simplest aldehyde made of hydrogen, carbon and oxygen with the formula CH 2 O. Formaldehyde is one of a large family of chemicals known as volatile organic compounds which evaporate and become gaseous at room temperature. Formaldehyde is a reactive molecule and first in the series of aliphatic aldehydes . It is one of the most important industrial chemicals. It is usually described as a gas, but it also exists dissolved in water or other solvents. Formaldehyde is a naturally occurring substance used in a wide variety of applications

4. Uses of formaldehyde Used in the production of resins, principally urea formaldehyde and phenol-formaldehyde, which are used to make cores and moulds for foundries. Used in agriculture and medicine where it is used as a disinfectant, fungicide, fumigant and preservatives. Formaldehyde is used to produce a wide array of products, particularly building materials its formalin solution is used as antiseptic and disinfectant for most of fungi and bacteria and it also used to preserve biological samples. The compound pentaerythritol produces from formaldehyde, is used in the production of explosives and paints.

5. Paraldehyde C 6 H 12 O 3 Paraldehyde is the cyclic trimer of acetaldehyde molecules . It is a derivative of 1,3,5-trioxane with a methyl groups substituted for a hydrogen atoms in each carbon. The corresponding tetramer is metaldehyde . A colourless liquid, it is sparingly soluble in water and highly soluble in ethanol. Paraldehyde slowly oxidizes in air, turning brown and producing an odour of acetic acid. It quickly reacts with most plastics and rubber.

6. Uses of Paraldehyde C 6 H 12 O 3 : 1) it was commonly used to induce sleep. It is one of the safest hypnotics and was regularly given at bedtime in psychiatric hospitals and geriatric wards up to the 1970s. 2) it has been used in the treatment of convulsions. 3) it has been used in the generation of aldehyde fuchsin . 4) Paraldehyde is used in resin manufacture, as a preservative, mep and in other processes as a solvent. 5) Effective in preventing the development of alcohol withdrawal symptoms and/or suppressing the syndrome once it develops. It reduces anxiety associated with withdrawal of other drugs such as opiates or barbiturates. 6) Used to control seizures arising from tetnus or eclampsia , or induced by poisons as well as in the treatment of status epilepticus . 7) Used to relieve intractable pain not responding to opiates, but it does not produce effective analgesia in subanesthetic doses and may produce excitement or delirium in the presence of pain.

7. Acetone C 3 H 6 O: Acetone is a highly flammable organic compound. This organic solvent has a chemical formula C3H6O. It is also known as propanone . It is found in the exhaust from vehicles, plants, trees and forest fires. It is also found in the human body usually present in urine and blood It is colorless and volatile. It is miscible in water, ether, ethanol and has a pungent, floral or irritating smell. It is widely used as an antiseptic and solvent.

8. It is used as a solvent for synthetic fibers and plastics. It is used as a precursor for methyl methacrylate . It is used to prepare metal before painting. It is used in pharmaceutical industries in some drugs. It is volatile and hence used in the laboratory to rinse lab glassware. It is used as a drying agent. It is used in the defatting process. It is used in cosmetics such as nail polish remover It is used in the treatment of acne Acetone C 3 H 6 O Uses of Acetone C 3 H 6 O:

9. Chloral Hydrate C 2 H 3 Cl 3 O 2 / Cl 3 CCH (OH 2 ) Chloral hydrate is a geminal diol with the formula C 2 H 3 Cl 3 O 2 . It is a colorless solid. It has limited use as a sedative and hypnotic pharmaceutical drug It is also a useful laboratory chemical reagent and precursor. It is derived from chloral ( trichloroacetaldehyde ) by the addition of one equivalent of watervolatile and hence used in the laboratory to rinse lab glassware

10. Chloral hydrate is used for the short-term treatment of insomnia and as a sedative before minor medical or dental treatment. It is the starting material for the production of chloral, which is produced by the distillation of a mixture of chloral hydrate and sulfuric acid, which serves as the desiccant Chloral hydrate is also an ingredient used for hoyer's solution, a mounting medium for microscopic observation of diverse plant types such as bryophytes, ferns, seeds, and small arthropods (especially mites). • Chloral hydrate is an ingredient used to make melzer's reagent, an aqueous solution that is used to identify certain species of fungi. The other ingredients are potassium iodide, and iodine. Chloral Hydrate C 2 H 3 Cl 3 O 2 / Cl 3 CCH (OH 2 ): Uses of Chloral Hydrate C 2 H 3 Cl 3 O 2 / Cl 3 CCH (OH 2 ):

11. Hexamine C 6 H 12 N 4 It is also called Methenamine or Hexamethylenetetramine or Urotropin . It acts as an anti-infective agent which is most commonly used to treat urinary tract infections. Its anti-infective action is derived from the slow release of formaldehyde (CH2O) by hydrolysis at acidic pH of 0.2 molars. Methenamine is an odourless colourless lustrous crystal or white crystalline powder which is hygroscopic.

12. Hexamine is used in the production of liquid or powdery preparations of phenolic resins. Used as binders in clutch and brake linings. Used in the form of spray and cream to treat concomitant odour and excessive sweating Used in grocott’s methenamine silver stain. Used as a solid fuel. Used as a food preservative. Used to prevent vulcanized rubber. Used as a corrosion inhibitor for steel. HEXAMINE C 6 H 12 N 4 Uses of HEXAMINE C 6 H 12 N

13. Benzaldehyde (C 6 H 5 CHO): Benzaldehyde (C6H5CHO) is an organic compound consisting of a benzene ring with a formyl substituent. It is the simplest aromatic aldehyde and one of the most industrially useful. It is a colorless liquid with a characteristic almond-like odor. The primary component of bitter almond oil, benzaldehyde can be extracted from a number of other natural sources. Synthetic benzaldehyde is the flavoring agent in imitation almond extract, which is used to flavor cakes and other baked goods.

14. Benzaldehyde is commonly employed to confer almond flavor to foods and scented products. It is sometimes used in cosmetics products. In industrial settings, benzaldehyde is used chiefly as a precursor to other organic compounds, ranging from pharmaceuticals to plastic additives. Benzaldehyde is also a precursor to certain acridine dyes Manufacture of dyes, perfumery, cinnamic and mandelic acids, as solvents; in flavors. Uses of Benzaldehyde (C 6 H 5 CHO):

15. Vanilin C 8 H 8 O 3 : Vanillin is an organic compound with the molecular formula C 8 H 8 O 3 . It is a phenolic aldehyde . Its functional groups include aldehyde , hydroxyl, and ether. It is the primary component of the extract of the vanilla bean. Synthetic vanillin is now used more often than natural vanilla extract as a flavoring agent in foods, beverages, and pharmaceuticals. Vanillin is a member of the class of benzaldehydes carrying methoxy and hydroxy substituents at positions 3 and 4 respectively. It has a role as a plant metabolite, a flavouring agent, an antioxidant and an anticonvulsant . It is a member of phenols, a monomethoxybenzene and a member of benzaldehydes .

16. Vanillin is a well-known food and cosmetic additive and has antioxidant and antimutagenic properties. It has also been suggested to have antifungal activity against major human pathogenic fungi, although it is not very effective. The largest use of vanillin is as a flavoring, usually in sweet foods. The ice cream and chocolate industries together comprise 75% of the market for vanillin as a flavoring agent,. Vanillin is also used in the fragrance industry, in perfumes, and to mask unpleasant odors or tastes in medicines, Vanillin can be used as a general-purpose stain for visualizing spots on thin-layer chromatography plates. Vanillin– hcl staining can be used to visualize the localisation of tannins in cells Uses of Vanilin C 8 H 8 O 3 :

17. Cinnamaldehyde C 9 H 8 O: Cinnamaldehyde is the aldehyde that gives cinnamon its flavor and odor. It occurs naturally in the bark of cinnamon trees and other species of the genus Cinnamomum like camphor and cassia. These trees are the natural source of cinnamon, and the essential oil of cinnamon bark is about 90% cinnamaldehyde . It is a phenylpropanoid that is naturally synthesized by the shikimate pathway. This pale yellow, viscous liquid occurs in the bark of cinnamon trees and other species of the genus Cinnamomum

18. The most obvious application for cinnamaldehyde is as flavoring in chewing gum, ice cream, candy and beverages. It is also used in some perfumes of natural, sweet or fruity scents. Cinnamaldehyde can be used as a food adulterant; powdered beechnut husk aromatized with cinnamaldehyde can be marketed as powdered cinnamon. Cinnamaldehyde has been tested as a safe and effective insecticide against mosquito larvae. Trans- cinnamaldehyde works as a potent fumigant and practical repellant for adult mosquitos . Cinnamaldehyde is also known as a corrosion inhibitor for steel and other ferrous alloys. Uses of Cinnamaldehyde C 9 H 8 O: Cinnamaldehyde C 9 H 8 O:

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