UNIT IV levelling of building for civil.pptx

surveying

1. UNIT 4 ECOLOGY AND ECOSYSTEM ENVIRONMENT: Environment is the surrounding in which all living organisms exist. MAIN FEATURES OF ENVIRONMENT: It includes living organisms called as biotic components which includes bacteria, viruses, plants and animal, and non living organisms called as abiotic components such as air, water, light etc. ecology means study of earth’s households including the plants, animals, micro-organisms and people that live together as interdependent components

2. ECOSYSTEMS: An ecosystem is a group of biotic communities of species interacting with one another and with their non-living environment, exchanging energy and matter. Types of ecosystem : Natural (eg: lakes, forest, grassland etc) or manmade (eg: crop field. Aquaria) Temporary (eg: rain fed pond) or permanent ( eg: lake, forest) Aquatic ( eg: pond , ocean) or terrestrial ( eg: grassland, forest etc) Aquatic ecosystem further subdivided as fresh water (eg: ponds, lakes. Streams) or salt water (eg: marine, etc)

3. Components of ecosystem: Abiotic component( non-living) Biotic component( living) Abiotic components: It includes the organism that can live in specific area. The abiotic components can be physical components or chemical components Physical components: It includes -sunlight, water, soil, temperature etc Chemical components: It include- liquids, carbohydrates, nitrogen, phosphorous, potassium and oxygen.

4. Biotic components: Biotic components are living organisms of the ecosystem. It includes- plants, animals, fungi, bacteria and other living organisms. The biotic components are categorized into three categories: Producers or autotrophs Consumers or heterotrophs Decomposers or detrivores

5. ECOLOGICAL CYCLE: In an ecosystem the cycling of nutrient involves both biotic and abiotic components. The biological cycle involves: Hydrological cycle (water cycle) Oxygen cycle Carbon cycle Nitrogen cycle Sulphur cycle

6. HYDROLOGICAL CYCLE:

7. OXYGEN CYCLE:

8. ELECTRONIC WASTE: Electronic wastes (E- waste) are electronic goods which are not suitable for their specified use. For example: Television set, keyboard, hard disk, mobile phones, air conditioner, magnetic tapes, compact disc etc. Disposal of E-waste: Landfill: E-waste is piled up and covered with domestic waste and soil. Incineration: E-waste is burned under controlled environment. The toxic gases or smoke is released in air. Recycle: The important materials of E-waste are collected and sent to manufacturing companies for producing another products