Unit2-Literature Survey.pptx

Unit2-Literature Survey.pptx

1. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY Dr.G Praveen Kumar - Research Methodology 1 Dr. G.Praveen Kumar Faculty – Department of Mechanical Engineering G Pullaiah College of Engineering & Technology, Kurnool

2. UNIT-2 TABLE OF CONTENT Dr.G Praveen Kumar - Research Methodology 2 IMPORTANCE OF LITERATURE SURVEY SOURCES OF INFORMATION ASSESSMENT OF QUALITY OF JOURNALS AND ARTICLES INFORMATION THROUGH INTERNET. LITERATURE REVIEW NEED OF REVIEW GUIDELINES FOR REVIEW RECORD OF RESEARCH REVIEW.

3. Title Introduction Statement of the Problem Review of Literature Objectives of the Study Hypotheses for the Study Research Design and Methodology Conceptual Framework Report Writing and Implications of the Study Financial Assistance Required Conclusion Select Bibliography

4. INTRODUCTION Review of literature is one of the most important steps in the research process. It is an account of what is already known about a particular phenomenon. The main purpose of literature review is to convey to the readers about the work already done & the knowledge & ideas that have been already established on a particular topic of research. Literature review is a laborious task, but it is essential if the research process is to be successful .

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16. Identification of a research problem & development or refinement of research questions. Gen e r a ti o n o f us e ful r e s e a r ch q u e s ti o ns or projects/activities for the discipline. Orientation to what is known & not known about an area of inquiry to ascertain what research can best contribute to knowledge. Determination of any gaps or inconsistencies in a body of knowledge. Discovery of unanswered questions about subjects, concepts or problems . Determination of a need to replicate a prior study in different study settings or different samples or size or different study population. .

17. Cou n t… Identification of relevant theoretical or conceptual framework for research problems. Identification or development of new or refined clinical interventions to test through empirical research. Description of the strengths & weaknesses of design/methods of inquiry & instruments used in earlier research work. Development of hypothesis to be tested in a research study. Helps in planning the methodology of the present research study. It also helps in development of research instruments. Identification of suitable design & data collection methods for a research study.

18. The purpose of a literature review is to convey to the reader previous knowledge & facts established on a topic, & their strength & weakness. The literature review allows the reader to be updated with the state of research in a field & any contradictions that may exist with challenges findings of other research studies. It helps to develop research investigative tools & to improve research methodologies. It also provide the knowledge about the problems faced by the previous researchers’ while studying same topic .

19. Cou n t… Besides enhancing researchers’ knowledge about the topic, writing a literature review helps to: Describe the relationship of each study to other research studies under consideration. Identify new ways to interpret & shed light on any gaps in previous research. Resolve conflicts amongst seemingly contradictory previous studies. Identify areas of prior scholarship to prevent duplication of effort. Point a way forward for further research. See what has & has not been investigated .

20. Cou n t… Develop general explanation for observed variations in a behavior or phenomenon. Identify potential relationship between concepts & to identify researchable hypothesis. Learn how others have defined & measured key concepts. Identify data sources that other researchers have used. Develop alternative research projects. Discover how a research project is related to the work of others. Place one’s original work (in case of thesis or d i s w s w e w . r d r t j a a y e t s i h o p a n ti d ) a r c .b l o o g n s p t o e t . c o x m t of the e x i s ti n g l it e r a tu r e.

21. Sources of Literature Review Literature can be reviewed from two main sources, i.e. Primary Sources Secondary Sources However literature review mostly relies on primary source.

22. Primary Sources Primary sources are original, peer reviewed, and published research journal articles reported by original researchers. In other words, primary sources are the research reports, which are description of studies written by researchers who conducted them.

23. Co n tinued… A primary source is written by a person who developed the theory or conducted the research, or is the description of an investigation written by the person who conducted it. Most primary sources are found in published literature; for ex, a nursing research article.

24. Co n tinued… A credible literature review reflects the use of mainly primary sources. Example of a primary source An original qualitative study on patient experiences in the ICU: Hupcey, J. E. (2000). Feeling safe the psychological needs of ICU patients. Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 32, 361-367.

25. Secondary Sources Secondary source research documents are description of studies prepared by someone other than the original researcher. They are written by people other than the individuals who developed the theory or conducted the research.

26. Co n tinued… The secondary sources include the comments and summaries of multiple research studies on one topic, e.g. systemic reviews, meta- analysis, meta synthesis, etc. Secondary sources are usually paraphrased and may be based on the secondary author’s interpretation of the primary work; it is necessary then to review primary source whenever possible to ensure accuracy.

27. Co n tinued… However the secondary sources may be used when primary sources are not available or if researchers want external opinions on an issue or problem or even the results of their own research.

28. Example of a secondary source A literature review on patient experiences in the ICU: Stein Parbury, J. & Mckinley, S. (2000). Patient experiences of being in an intensive care unit: a select literature review. American Journal of Critical Care, 9, 20-27.

29. R e sour c es of literature review Encyclop e dia & dictionary E l ectr on i c database B o oks Journa l s Conference papers T h es e s R e search Reports Magazines & n e w s p a p e rs

30. Content of the Review Introduction Bo d y C onclus i on

31. Writing the Introduction While writing the introduction, following steps should be taken care of: Define or identify the general topic, issue, or area of concern, thus, providing appropriate context for reviewing the literature. Point out overall trends in what has been published about the topic or conflicts in theory, methodology, evidence, & conclusion or gaps in research & scholarship, or a single problem or new perspective of immediate interest. Establish the writer’s point of view for reviewing the literature, explain the criteria to be used in analysing & comparing literature & organization or review (sequence).

32. Writing the Body Following measures need to be undertaken while writing the body of the literature. Group research studies & other types of literature (reviews, theoretical articles, case studies) according to common denominators such as qualitative versus quantitative approaches, conclusions of authors, specific purposes or objectives, chronology, & so on. Summarize individual studies or articles with as much as or as little detail as each merits according to its comparative importance in the literature, remembering that space denotes significance. Assist the reader with strong ‘umbrella' sentences at the beginning of paragraphs, signpost throughout, & brief summary sentences at intermediate points.

33. Writing the Conclusion The points to be taken care of in the conclusion are as follows: Summarize major contributions of significant studies & articles to the body of knowledge under review, maintaining the focus established in the introduction. Evaluate the current ‘state of the art’ for the body of knowledge reviewed, pointing out major methodological flaws or gaps in research, inconsistencies in theory, & finding & areas or issues pertinent to future study. Conclude by providing some insight into the relationship between central topic of the literature

34. Steps of Literature Review

35. Need of Review of Literature The review of literature is essential due to the following: • One of the early steps in planning a research work is to review a research done before in the particular area of interest. • It is very essential for every researcher to be up-to-date in his/her information about the literature related to his/her own problem already done by others. • It avoids the replication of the study of findings to take an advantage from similar or related literature. • It provides as source of problem of study. 38

36. 39 A Good Literature Review is: Focused - The topic should be narrow. You should only present ideas and only report on studies that are closely related to topic. Concise - Ideas should be presented economically. Don’t take any more space than you need to present your ideas. Logical - The flow within and among paragraphs should be a smooth, logical progression from one idea to the next Developed - Don’t leave the story half told. Integrative - Your paper should stress how the ideas in the studies are related. Focus on the big picture. What commonality do all the studies share? How are some studies different than others? Your paper should stress how all the studies reviewed contribute to your topic. Current - Your review should focus on work being done on the cutting edge of your topic.

37. Points To Be Considered Be specific & be succinct: Briefly state specific findings listed in an article, specific methodologies used in a study, or other important points. Literature reviews are not the place for long quotes or in-depth analysis of each point. Be selective: Researcher should narrow down a lot of information into a small space for literature review. Just the most important points (i.e. those most relevant to the review’s focus) must be mentioned in each work of review . Focus of current topics: Researcher needs to analyse points such as if it is a current article, & if not, how old it is: has its claims, evidence, or arguments been superseded by more recent work; if it is not current, then if it is important for historical background ; etc.

38. Points To Be Considered Ensure evidence for claims: Researcher should focus on what support is given for claims made in literature. What evidence & what type (experimental, statistical, anecdotal, etc.) of evidences are offered? Is the evidence relevant & sufficient? What arguments are given? What assumptions are made? Focus on sources of evidences: Researchers should ensure the reliability of the sources of the evidence or other information – if they are from author’s own experiments, surveys, historical records, government documents, etc. He should check how reliable those sources are. Account of contrary evidences: Does the author take into account contrary or conflicting evidence & arguments? How does the author address disagreements with other researchers?

39. Points To Be Considered Reference citation: Any references cited in the literature review must be included in the bibliography. The common practice is that the reviewer does not list references in the bibliography that are not directly cited in the literature review or elsewhere in the paper /thesis. Avoid abbreviations: Avoid technical terms, jargons & abbreviations . Due diligence:  A business term, "due diligence" refers to the research that should be done before making an important business decision Simple & accurate sentence structure: A researcher should use simple sentences & must avoid errors of grammar & punctuation Cache:  In computing, "cache" refers to a place for short-term memory storage.

40. Points To Be Considered Organization of literature review: A literature review is organized by subtopic, not by individual references. In a typical literature review, the writers may cite several references in the same paragraph & may cite the same reference in more than one paragraph, if that source address more than one of the subtopics in the literature review. Typically, discussion of each sources is quite brief. The contribution the present reviewers make is organizing the ideas from the sources into a cogent argument or narrative that includes their perspectives . Referring original source: The reviewer should focus on citing the material that originates with each reference. This may require a careful reading of the reference. If the reference author refers to another source whose ideas are relevant or interesting, it is better to track & use that original reference

41. General Guidelines to Writing a Literature Review Introduce the literature review by pointing out the major research topic that will be discussed Identify the broad problem area but don’t be too global (for example, discussing the history of education when the topic is on specific instructional strategy) Discuss the general importance of your topic for those in your field Don’t attempt to cover everything written on your topic You will need to pick out the research most relevant to the topic you are studying You will use the studies in your literature review as “evidence” that your research question is an important one It is important to cover research relevant to all the variables being studied. Research that explains the relationship between these variables is a top priority. You will need to plan how you will structure your literature review and write from this plan

42. Organizing Your Literature Review Topical Order —organize by main topics or issues; emphasize the relationship of the issues to the main “problem” Chronological Order —organize the literature by the dates the research was published Problem-Cause-Solution Order —Organize the review so that it moves from the problem to the solution General-to-Specific Order —(Also called the funnel approach) Examine broad-based research first and then focus on specific studies that relate to the topic Specific-to-General Order —Try to make discuss specific research studies so conclusions can be drawn

43. Recording the literature Make notes for each item you read Record – Bibliography details Brief summary of content Supplementary information Sharp et al . (2002)

44. Dr.G Praveen Kumar - Research Methodology 47 Recording the literature The most suitable method of recording notes is the card system. The recording system involves use of two sets of cards: Source cards (3”x 5”) – used for noting bibliographic information. Note cards (5”x 8”) – used for actual note taking

45. Dr.G Praveen Kumar - Research Methodology 48 1. Source cards Source Cards serve two purposes: Provide documentary information for foot notes. It is used for compiling bibliography to be given at the end of the report. Source Cards can be coded by a simple system in order to relate them to the corresponding note cards. Marking a combination of letters and a number on the right hand top corner that begins with ‘C’. For example; C1, C2 etc. OR Marking the letter ‘B’ or ‘J’ or ‘R’ (B=Books, J=Journal, R=Report) on the left hand top corner. The recording of bibliographic information should be made in proper bibliographic format. The format for citing a book is: Author’s name, (year), Title of the book, Place of publication, Publisher’s name. For Example; Koontz Harold (1980), Management, New Delhi, McGraw- Hill International. • The format for citing a journal article is: Author’s name, (year), Title of the article, Journal name, Volume (number), pages. For Example; Sheth J.N (1973), A Model of Industrial Buying Behavior, Journal of Marketing, 37(4), 50- 56.

46. Dr.G Praveen Kumar - Research Methodology 49 2. Note cards Detailed Information extracted from a printed source is recorded on the note cards. It is desirable to note a single fact or idea on each card, on one side only.

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48. After reviewing the literature, summarize what has been done, what has not been done, and what needs to be done Remember you are arguing your point of why your study is important! Then pose a formal research question or state a hypothesis—be sure this is clearly linked to your literature review All sources cited in the literature review should be listed in the references To sum, a literature review should include introduction, summary and critique of journal articles, justifications for your research project and the hypothesis for your research project Literature Review

49. Dr.G Praveen Kumar - Research Methodology 52 There are several purposes on why we write a literature review: I t reviews knowledge of previous studies on the subject of research Identifies a conceptual framework for ones own research I t provides directions for future research I t provides resources previously unknown to the reader I t identifies gaps in past studies It relates your findings to previous knowledge and suggest further research In a literature review the writer has to justify his choice of research question  The researcher has to provide the necessary background information needed to understand the study and finally to show the readers that the writer is familiar with the significant and up to date research which is relevant to the research topic.

50. Conclusion A literature review is an account of the previous efforts and achievements of researchers on a phenomenon. It helps to compare with other previous study. And a good review of literature is the foundation for a good research.

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53. Dr.G Praveen Kumar - Research Methodology 56 an awareness of an adequate body of knowledge , and the ability to apply that knowledge to research work Good literature survey

54. Dr.G Praveen Kumar - Research Methodology 57 Presentation of literature survey What related work is being undertaken? What is the motivation for the work? How does it help me/science/your area? Why am I studying this aspect of the problem?

55. Dr.G Praveen Kumar - Research Methodology 58 What techniques are in use? What are the findings of other people? What are the views of other people? How do they compare with my views? Literature surveys are a critical appraisal rather than a simple list of papers. Presentation of literature survey

56. Dr.G Praveen Kumar - Research Methodology 59 Google Scholar http://scholar.google.co.in/ Keyword: Neural networks Google Scholar

57. Dr.G Praveen Kumar - Research Methodology 60 Science Direct

58. Dr.G Praveen Kumar - Research Methodology 61 Wiley online

59. Dr.G Praveen Kumar - Research Methodology 62 ASCE library

60. Dr.G Praveen Kumar - Research Methodology 63 DOAJ

61. Dr.G Praveen Kumar - Research Methodology 64 SpringerLink JSTOR IEEE-XPLORE   arXiv.org ISI Web of Science http ://www.teachthought.com/learning/ 100-search-engines-for-academic-research / Others

62. Dr.G Praveen Kumar - Research Methodology 65 Methods of Listing/citing References Numerical method (Number system) Chronological method Alphabetical method (Name, year system ) Citation Styles

63. Dr.G Praveen Kumar - Research Methodology 66 Humanities Chicago MLA (Modern Language Association) Sciences ACS (American Chemical Society) IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers) NLM (National Library of Medicine) Vancouver (Biological Sciences) Social Sciences AAA (American Anthropological Association) APA (American Psychological Association) APSA (American Political Science Association ) APA (American Psychological Association) is used by Education, Psychology, and Sciences MLA (Modern Language Association) style is used by the Humanities Chicago/ Turabian style is generally used by Business, History, and the Fine Arts

64. Dr.G Praveen Kumar - Research Methodology 67 Citing or linking with a DOI link A digital object identifier (DOI) can be used to cite and link to electronic documents. A DOI is guaranteed never to change, so you can use it to link permanently to electronic documents. To find a document using a DOI http ://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2008.11.006   Open the following DOI site in your browser: http://dx.doi.org Enter the entire DOI citation in the text box provided, and then Electronic Citation Style Manuals

65. Dr.G Praveen Kumar - Research Methodology 68 https :// en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Comparison_of_reference_management_softwareēś~ĪŪṆÑḤḌÆ Reference Managers

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