Universe-and-solar-system-Copies SHSpptx

Earth and Life Science

1. EARTH AND LIFE SCIENCE

2. Universe and The Solar System I. Origin and Structure of the Earth

3. Content Standard The learners demonstrate an understanding of the formation of the universe and the solar system.

4. The universe: Everything that exists

5. UNIVERSE The universe is everything. It includes all of space, and all the matter and energy that space contains. It even includes time itself and, of course, it includes you.

6. UNIVERSE Galaxy Nebulae Star cluster Milky Way

7. How big is the universe?

8. Units of Distance 1 AU = 150,000,000 km (approximately the distance between the Earth and the Sun) 1 ly = This is the distance that light can travel in 1 year. Approximately 9,460,800,000,000 km!!!

9. Example Distances: Sun --> Jupiter 5.19 AU Diameter of The Milky Way 100,000 ly DIstance to furthest known star 13,800,000,000 ly

10. GEOCENTRIC THEORY This theory states that The Earth was the center of the universe and all the planets, The Sun and the stars rotate around it Described by: Aristotle in 384 B.C. developed by: Claudius Ptolemy in 100 A.D

11. HELIOCENTRIC THEORY This states that the Sun is at the center of the universe with the planets rotating around it. At the other stars are around the outside but not moving. Described by: Nicolas Copernicus

12. The universe began as a hot and infinitely dense point and only few millimeters wide, similar to a supercharge black hole. About 13.7 billion years ago, these tiny singularity violently exploded. From this explosion, matter, energy, space, and time were created. Two eras are created: Radiation Era and Matter Era. BIG BANG THEORY

13. Radiation Era - Dominance of radiation (very hot) Forces of nature (super force) existed; gravity, strong nuclear, weak nuclear, and electromagnetic force. Where particles and charge were formed (protons, electrons, neutrons) First chemical element is created which is Helium (He). Matter Era - Presence and dominance of matter Galaxies, stars, other elements, planets, moons which created a universe. BIG BANG THEORY

14. Edwin Hubble Universe is continuously expanding Galaxy’s velocity is proportional to its distance (galaxies that are twice as far from us move twice as fast) taken every galaxy the same amount of time to move from a common starting position to its current position

15. Hubble’s Evidence Doppler shifting - wavelength emitted by something moving away from us is shifted to a lower frequency Sound of a fire truck siren - pitch of the siren is higher as the fire truck moves towards you, and lower as it moves away from you Visible wavelengths emitted by objects moving away from us are shifted towards the red part of the visible spectrum

16. Hubble’s Evidence The faster they move away from us, the more they are redshifted. Thus, redshift is a reasonable way to measure the speed of an object When we observe the redshift of galaxies outside our local group, every galaxy appears to be moving away from us - universe is expanding.

17. Evidence for Big Bang Red shift - as light from distant galaxies approach earth there is an increase of space between earth and the galaxy, which leads to wavelengths being stretched In 1964, Arno Penzias and Robert Wilson, discovered a noise of extraterrestrial origin that came from all directions at once - radiation left over from the Big Bang In June 1995, scientists detected primordial helium in the far reaches of the universe - consistent with an important aspect of the Big Bang theory that a mixture of hydrogen and helium was created at the beginning of the universe

18. The solar system is the group of planets, dwarf planets, satellites, asteroids and comets which regularly orbit the Sun

19. Hypotheses for the Origin of the Planets in the Solar System

20. Catastrophic Hypotheses Proposed that the planets formed from some improbable event such as the collision of the sun and another star. Evolutionary Scientific Revolutions Proposed that the planets formed gradually and naturally as the sun formed.

21. CHARACTERISTIC PROPERTIES OF THE SOLAR SYSTEM a. Disk shape of the solar system Common direction of rotation and revolution b. Two planetary types Terrestrial - inner planets; high density Jovian - outer planets; low density

22. CHARACTERISTIC PROPERTIES OF THE SOLAR SYSTEM c. Planetary rings and large satellite systems YES for Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune NO for Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars d. Space debris - asteroids, comets and meteoroids composition, orbits

23. CHARACTERISTIC PROPERTIES OF THE SOLAR SYSTEM e. Common age is about 4.6 billion years, measured or inferred for Earth, the moon, Mars, meteorites, and the sun

24. Thank you very much!