Untitled.pptx laboratory diagnostic of cancer

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1. Laboratory Diagnosis Of Cancer PRESENTED BY:SHAHUL.S

2. Laboratory Diagnosis of Cancer Diagnosing cancer requires a comprehensive approach, leveraging various laboratory techniques to detect and analyze the presence of tumor markers, genetic alterations, and cellular characteristics. This presentation will explore the key methods used in the laboratory diagnosis of cancer.

3. Tumor Markers Definition Tumor markers are substances produced by cancer cells or by other cells in response to cancer. They can be measured in the blood, urine, or other body fluids to help detect and manage cancer. Uses Tumor markers are used to screen for cancer, monitor treatment response, and detect cancer recurrence. Common examples include PSA for prostate cancer and CA- 125 for ovarian cancer. 3 Limitations Tumor markers are not perfectly specific and can be elevated in non- cancerous conditions, so they must be interpreted in the context of other clinical findings.

4. Molecular Diagnosis Genetic Testing Analyzing DNA and RNA sequences can identify genetic mutations and alterations associated with cancer, helping diagnose the disease and guide targeted therapies. Epigenetic Changes Studying changes in gene expression, without altering the DNA sequence, can also provide insights into cancer development and progression. Liquid Biopsy Analyzing circulating tumor cells or cell- free tumor DNA in the blood can enable non- invasive cancer detection and monitoring.

5. Cytological Examination Fine Needle Aspiration This technique involves collecting cell samples from a suspicious mass or lesion for microscopic analysis, helping to identify the presence of cancer cells. Exfoliative Cytology Collecting and examining cells that have been shed or exfoliated from the body, such as from the cervix or urine, can aid in cancer detection. Fluid Analysis Analyzing cells in fluid samples, such as pleural fluid or cerebrospinal fluid, can help diagnose cancers affecting those areas. Advantages Cytological examinations are minimally invasive and can provide rapid results to guide further diagnostic and treatment decisions.

6. Histochemistry and Cytochemistry 1 Histochemistry This technique uses chemical stains and reactions to identify the presence and distribution of specific molecules within tissue samples, aiding in cancer diagnosis and classification. 2 Cytochemistry Similar to histochemistry, cytochemistry involves the use of chemical stains and reactions to detect and localize specific molecules within individual cells, providing additional diagnostic information. 3 Immunohistochemistry This specialized technique uses antibodies to detect the presence and expression levels of specific proteins, which can help identify the type and origin of cancer cells.

7. Electron Microscopy Ultrastructural Analysis Electron microscopy allows for detailed examination of the internal structure and organization of cancer cells, revealing insights into their biology and morphology. Organelle Assessment This technique can help identify abnormalities in the size, shape, and distribution of cellular organelles, which can be characteristic of certain types of cancer. Cytoskeletal Changes Electron microscopy can also detect alterations in the cytoskeleton of cancer cells, which may be associated with their increased motility and invasive potential.

8. Diagnostic Accuracy 1 Clinical Presentation The initial symptoms and findings from a physical examination provide important context for interpreting laboratory test results. 2 Histopathology The gold standard for cancer diagnosis, histopathological examination of tissue samples, offers the highest diagnostic accuracy. 3 Correlation Integrating multiple laboratory techniques, along with clinical information, helps improve the overall accuracy of cancer diagnosis and staging.

9. Conclusion The laboratory diagnosis of cancer involves a comprehensive approach, utilizing a range of techniques to detect and analyze various biomarkers, cellular characteristics, and genetic alterations. By combining these advanced diagnostic methods, healthcare professionals can achieve accurate and reliable cancer detection, guiding personalized treatment strategies and improving patient outcomes.

10. Thank you