Utilization of Pyrolysed Waste Cashew Nut Shell Powder.pptx

Utilization of Pyrolysed Waste Cashew Nut Shell Powder as a filler in rubber compounding

1. Utilization of Pyrolysed Waste Cashew Nut Shell Powder As A Filler In Solid Tire Base Compounding R. A. T. Nomaya SC/2020/11234

2. SUPERVISORS Dr.A.S.Ranaweera Senior lecturer Department of chemistry University of Ruhuna Dr.Dhammika Weerathunga Senior lecturer Department of Polymer Science University of Sri Jayawardhanpura 2

3. TABLE OF CONTENT Introduction Research Problem Literature Review Objectives Proposed Methodology Chemicals and Instruments Expected Outcomes Timeline References 3

4. INTRODUCTION Cashews - a demanding nut Exported to international markets Also consumed domestically - a popular snack and ingredient in food products Cashew nut shells(CNS)- a major by-product of the cashew processing industry Each ton of cashew nut produces about 2.5 tons of cashew nut shell (CNS) as waste 4

5. CASHEW NUT SHELL (CNS) Composed of several layers - tough outer skin and a honeycomb-like structure in the middle called the mesocarp This spongy layer holds a dark, viscous liquid - cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL) CNS - reported to have high energetic content - a great source of energy A rich source of industrially important compounds 5

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7. RESEARCH PROBLEM The cashew nut consists of approximately 30% edible kernel and 70% shell For every ton of raw cashews processed, a large volume of shell waste is generated Hundreds tons of cashew nut shell wasted annually with minimum use The disposal of CNS - significant environmental and economic challenge if not managed properly: 7 Soil acidification Fire hazardous Air pollution

8. How To Minimize Cashew Nut Shell Waste Through A Sustainable Solution ? 8

9. LITERATURE REVIEW 9 Research Article - Pyrolysis of cashew nut shell: A parametric study Description - The effects of temperature, heating rate and residence time on the shrinkage, char yield, char energy, as well as characteristics of cashew nut shell have been deeply investigated Conclusion - The shrinkage, char yield, char energy, as well as characteristics of the CNS were affected by pyrolysis conditions, most importantly temperature, followed by heating rate and residence time. By varying pyrolysis temperatures different physical properties can be obtained Nam, N.H., Anh, K.D., Truc, L.G.T., Ha, T.A. and Ha, V.T.T., 2020. Pyrolysis of cashew nut shell: A parametric study. Vietnam J. Chem . , 58(4), pp.506-511.

10. 10 Research Article : Biochar from cashew nut shells: A sustainable reinforcement for enhanced mechanical performance in hemp fibre composites Description - This study investigates the incorporation of bio filler - biochar produced from cashew nut shell, in hemp fibre composite to achieve a balance between performance and environmental sustainability Conclusion - The addition of biochar resulted in improved mechanical and water absorption properties in the hemp fibre composites Rajendran, S., Palani, G., Veerasimman , A., Marimuthu, U., Kannan, K. and Shanmugam, V., 2024. Biochar from cashew nut shells: A sustainable reinforcement for enhanced mechanical performance in hemp fibre composites. Cleaner Eng. Technol. , 20, p.100745.

11. Research Article - Production, Characterization, and Applications of Briquette from Cashew Nut Shell (CNS) Bio-Char: A Form of Sustainable Development Description – study done to produce and characterize briquette produced from CNS pyrolysis bio-char, and also to list out different roles this bio-char can play in various processing industries, show the different possible characterization techniques, that can be used to characterize bio-char and briquette Conclusion - CNS bio-char was made up of very important elements and compounds that can be used in the cement industry, iron and steel Industries, food industry, agricultural industry, and many other chemical industries Fombu , A.H., Ochonogor , A.E. and Olayide , O.E., 2024. Production, Characterization, and Applications of Briquette from Cashew Nut Shell (CNS) Bio-Char: A Form of Sustainable Development. SCEET-G conference, 21-26, pp.216-223. 11

12. Research Article - Contribution of cashew nut shells as base material in the multi-response optimised automobile brake pad composites in the composition mix Description - This study reports the contribution of Cashew Nut Shells as a possible replacement of asbestos as base and reinforcement materials when utilized with other brake pads production ingredients Conclusion - Cashew Nut Shells (CNS) has the highest significant contribution and effects on the multi-response performance of the developed brake pads composites than of Granite and Plant Gum binder constituents Lawal, S.S., 2025. Contribution of cashew nut shells as base material in the multi-response optimised automobile brake pad composites in the composition mix. MIJEEC, 7(1), pp.32-41. 12

13. OBJECTIVES 13

14. CASHEW NUT SHELL PYROLYSIS Pyrolysis - thermochemical treatment process Carried out in the absence of oxygen/air Endothermic process - temperatures above 400 ⁰ C 14

15. CASHEW NUT SHELL BIO CHAR High carbon content : rich in carbon about 70% to 75% wt % Those carbon is called Biochar or Pyrolytic cashew nut shell char High heating value : With a high calorific value (25–32 MJ/kg) Mineral content : potassium, magnesium, calcium, copper, zinc, and iron 15

16. Porosity and surface area :  a porous material - has a high surface area effective for adsorption Uses - 16 Energy source Water and air purification Composite materials Agricultural soil amendment Industrial applications

17. Filler Material in Tire Base Compounding Tire base compounding - creating the fundamental rubber mixture for a tire base by blending natural and synthetic rubber involves combining elastomers with ingredients like fillers, plasticizers, curing agents, stabilizers, accelerates, vulcanizing agents Filler material in tire base compounding – are added ingredients, primarily carbon black and silica Reinforce the rubber's strength, durability, and wear resistance Or act as non-reinforcing agents to reduce cost and improve processability. 17

18. METHODOLOGY 18

19. Preparation of Tire Base Compounds Three main parts in tire – 19 Tread Cushion Base

20. 20 Composition of Solid Tire Base Mainly carbon black is used as filler in tire base; Carbon Black-N 330 and Carbon Black-N 660 CNS Biochar can be added to replace Carbon Black either partially or completely Component Amount ( phr ) Natural Rubber (RSS) 80 Styrene Butadiene Rubber (SBR) 20 Carbon Black-N 330 15 Carbon Black-N 660 50 Crushed Tire Code (CTC) 35 Precipitated Silica 15 Calcium Carbonate (CaCO3) 10 Zinc Oxide ( ZnO ) 6 Stearic Acid 2 Silane 69 2 CI Resin (coumarone indene resin) 3 Processing Oil 5 Sulfur 3 N-Tert-Butyl-2-Benzothiazole Sulfonamides (TBBS) 1.8 Prevulcanized Inhibitor 0.3 N-1,3-Dimethylbutyl-N-phenyl-p-phenyl diamine (6 PPD) 1 TQ (2, 2, 4-trimethyl-1, 2-dihydroquinoline) 1 Phenol Formaldehyde Resin 3 HMT (Hexamethylene Tetramine) 0.3

21. Preparation of Tire Base Compounds 21 Abrasion volume loss Hardness Tensile strength Tear strength Density 100% modulus

22. 22 CHEMICALS Some chemicals are available in University of Ruhuna Rubber compounding materials will be purchased from market or RRI Ratmalana

23. INSTRUMENTS AND PLACES Pyrolysis Reactor – UOR FTIR Spectrometer – UOR Two roll mill – USJ Internal mixer –USJ XRD – USJ SEM-EDX - UOM Hydraulic hot press –RRI Ratmalana Density meter - RRI Ratmalana Material testing machine – RRI Ratmalana Abrasion tester – RRI Ratmalana Moving die rheometer – RRI Ratmalana Hardness tester – RRI Ratmalana 23 PLACES University of Ruhuna University of Sri- Jayawardenepura University of Moratuwa Rubber Research Institute Ratmalana

24. EXPECTED OUTCOMES 24

25. TIMELINE TASK AUGUST 2025 SEPTEMBER 2025 OCTOMBER 2025 NOVEMBER 2025 DECEMBER 2025 JANUARY 2025 Literature review Proposal preparation Material collection and preparation Properties identification and data collection Analysis of data Thesis writing and submission 25

26. REFERENCES Rajendran, S., Palani, G., Veerasimman , A., Marimuthu, U., Kannan, K. and Shanmugam, V., 2024 . Biochar from cashew nut shells: A sustainable reinforcement for enhanced mechanical performance in hemp fibre composites.  Cleaner Engineering and Technology ,  20 , p.100745. Nam, N.H., Anh, K.D., Truc, L.G.T., Ha, T.A. and Ha, V.T.T., 2020 . Pyrolysis of cashew nut shell: A parametric study.  Vietnam Journal of Chemistry ,  58 (4), pp.506-511. Fombu , A.H., Ochonogor , A.E. and Olayide , O.E., 2024 . Production, Characterization, and Applications of Briquette from Cashew Nut Shell (CNS) Bio-Char: A Form of Sustainable Development. Lawal, S.S., 2025 . Contribution of cashew nut shells as base material in the multi-response optimised automobile brake pad composites in the composition mix.  Maejo International Journal of Energy and Environmental Communication ,  7 (1), pp.32-41. 26

27. THANK YOU 27