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1. Data Collection Methods (Interviews & Observations) Him’mawan A.N.

2. 1. Interviews in Qualitative Research 3. Unstructured Interviews - No fixed set of questions; conversation flows naturally. - Encourages participants to express themselves freely. - Best for exploratory research where deep understanding is needed. TYPES OF INTERVIEWS 1. Structured Interviews - Follow a predetermined set of questions. - Standardized format ensures consistency. - Useful for studies requiring comparability between respondents. 2. Semi-Structured Interviews - Contain a mix of fixed and open-ended questions. - Allow flexibility to explore emerging themes. - Common in qualitative research as they balance structure and depth. An interview is a method of data collection that involves direct interaction between the researcher and the participant, allowing for in-depth exploration of perceptions, experiences, and meanings. 2

3. Steps in Conducting Interviews 1. Planning the Interview - Define research objectives. - Develop an interview guide (for semi-structured and structured interviews). - Choose the appropriate mode (face-to-face, online, telephone). 2. Building Rapport - Create a comfortable environment. - Use ice-breaking techniques to establish trust. 3

4. 4 3. Conducting the Interview - Begin with general questions before moving to specifics. - Use active listening and probing techniques (e.g., “Can you elaborate on that?”). Take notes or record the interview with consent. 4. Post-Interview Process - Transcribe the interview (verbatim or summarized). - Conduct member-checking (if necessary) to validate responses.

5. Advantages and challenges 5

6. 2. Observations in Qualitative Research Observation is a method in which researchers systematically watch and record behaviors, interactions, and events in a natural setting. Let’s

7. Types of Observations 1. Participant Observation - The researcher actively engages in the setting while observing. - Provides an insider’s perspective. Common in ethnographic studies. 2. Non-Participant Observation - The researcher observes without interacting. - Minimizes researcher influence but may miss deeper insights. 7

8. 8 3. Overt Observation - Participants are aware they are being observed. - May lead to altered behavior (observer effect). 4. Covert Observation - Participants are unaware they are being observed. - Provides naturalistic data but raises ethical concerns.

9. Steps in Conducting Observations 1. Preparation - Identify the purpose of the observation. - Decide on observation type (participant/non-participant, overt/covert). 2. Entering the Field - Gain access and obtain permission. - Develop trust with participants (if applicable). 3. Recording Observations - Use field notes (detailed descriptions of what is seen and heard). - Audio/video recording (if permitted). - Use an observation checklist for structured observations. 4. Analyzing Observations - Look for patterns and recurring themes. - Compare observed behaviors with theoretical frameworks. 9

10. Advantages and challenges • Provide firsthand data on actual behaviors (not just self-reported accounts). • Allow researchers to capture contextual factors. • Useful for studying group interactions and dynamics. • Time-intensive and may require prolonged engagement. • Observer bias may influence interpretation. • Ethical concerns, especially in covert observation. 10

11. 11 Thanks! Any questions?

12. Reflection questions 12 1. What have you learnt about interview and observation data collection methods? 2. Which method (interview or observation) did you find more insightful, and why?