various topic of plant breeding, such as rooting improvement

Improving root system,
Abiotic stress tolerence,
Biotic stress tolerence,
Flooding Tolerence,
Sub-mergence Tolerence,
Water Use Efficiency,
Nutrient Use Efficiency,
Nitrogen fixation & assimilati,
Green house gases,
Carbon sequestration,
Breeding for Bio-fortification,

1. Presentation on various topic of plant breeding Pradyum Maurya Ph.D. (Agriculture) Dept. of Genetics and Plant Breeding Banda University of Agriculture & Technology, Banda

2. Breeding for climate change – Improving root system Climate change is threatening crop productivity worldwide and new solutions to adapt crops to these environmental changes are urgently needed. Elevated temperatures driven by climate change affect developmental and physiological plant processes that, ultimately, impact on crop yield and quality. Plant roots are responsible for water and nutrients uptake, but changes in soil temperatures alters this process limiting crop growth. With the predicted variable climatic forecast, the development of an efficient root system better adapted to changing soil and environmental conditions is crucial for enhancing crop productivity. Root traits associated with improved adaptation to rising temperatures are increasingly being analyzed to obtain more suitable crop varieties

3. Abiotic stress tolerence Abiotic stress is the adverse effect of any abiotic factor on a plant in a given environment, impacting plants' growth and development.

4. Biotic stress tolerence The defenses to biotic stress include morphological and structural barriers, chemical compounds, and proteins and enzymes. These confer tolerance or resistance to biotic stresses by protecting products and by giving them strength and rigidity.

5. Flooding Tolerence flooding tolerance in this case as the plant's ability to survive 10 to 14 days of complete submergence and continue their growth process after the flood recedes, with little damage to plant morphology.

6. Submergence tolerance is defined as the ability of a rice plant to survive and continue growing after being completely submerged in water for several days. Sub-mergence Tolerence

7. Water Use Efficiency Water use efficiency (WUE) is usually calculated based on the grain yield or total biomass produced per unit of water consumed by crops. The quantity of water consumed by crops is estimated according to the total amount of water used from the plant and soil surfaces in addition to that retained within plant structures. Water use efficiency can be calculated simply as total grain produced (kg/ha)/total rainfall (mm)

8. Nutrient Use Efficiency Nutrient use efficiency (NUE) shows the ability of crops to take up and utilize nutrients for maximum yields. Therefore, the NUE concept involves three major processes in plants: uptake, assimilation, and utilization of nutrients. NUE is calculated using the following formula: The equation for NUE can be found by dividing grain yield by the total amount of N available to the crop. g/ha grain yield (crop dry matter) ÷ g/ha applied N.

9. Nitrogen fixation and assimilation Nitrogen fixation – It is the process of converting atmospheric nitrogen to ammonia. Nitrogen fixation takes place naturally by lightning, UV radiation. It also occurs through industrial processes and by living organisms. The reduction of nitrogen to ammonia by living organisms is called biological nitrogen fixation. Nitrogen assimilation is the formation of organic nitrogen compounds like amino acids from inorganic nitrogen compounds present in the environment. Organisms like plants, fungi and certain bacteria that can fix nitrogen gas (N 2 ) depend on the ability to assimilate nitrate or ammonia for their needs.

10. Green house gases and Carbon sequestration Greenhouse gases consist of carbon dioxide, methane, ozone, nitrous oxide, chlorofluorocarbons, and water vapor. Water vapor, which reacts to temperature changes, is referred to as a 'feedback', because it amplifies the effect of forces that initially caused the warming.

11. Carbon sequestration – the practice of removing carbon from the atmosphere and storing it – is one of the many approaches being taken to tackle climate change.

12. Breeding for Bio-fortification What is bio fortification? Bio fortification is the idea of breeding crops to increase their nutritional value. This can be done either through conventional selective breeding, or through genetic engineering. Most of the crops targeted by transgenic, conventional breeding, and agronomical approaches include staple crops like rice, wheat, maize, sorghum, lupine, common bean, potato, sweet potato, and tomato ,Cassava, cauliflower, and banana have been bio fortified by both transgenic and breeding approaches while barley, soybean, lettuce, carrot, canola, and mustard have been bio fortified with transgene and agronomic approaches. 

13. Thank You...