Vehicle Safety IA-1 Fadil Mulani and Akshita Pillai (1).pdf

Vehicle Safety IA-1 Fadil Mulani and Akshita Pillai (1).pdf

1. Somaiya Vidyavihar University K.J. Somaiya School of Engineering(A Constituent College of Somaiya Vidyavihar University) ACTIVE AND PASSIVE SAFETY SYSTEMS
Under the guidance of
Prof. Sandeep Chopade
Department of Mechanical Engineering
VEHICLE SAFETY: IA-1
By
Fadil Mulani 16010522019
Akshita Pillai 16010522023
TY MECH A-1
2025-26

2. 1.Introduction to Vehicle Safety
2.Passive Safety Systems
3.Passive Safety Components
4.Recent Trends in Passive Safety
5.Active Safety Systems
6.Active Safety Components
7.Human Factors and Ergonomics
8.Recent Trends in Active Safety
9.Comparison of Active & Passive Safety
10.Conclusion
OUTLINESomaiya Vidyavihar University K.J. Somaiya School of Engineering(A Constituent College of Somaiya Vidyavihar University)

3. VEHICLE SAFETY
(Two Major Categories)
PASSIVE SAFETY ACTIVE SAFETY
1. INTRODUCTION TO VEHICLE SAFETYSomaiya Vidyavihar University K.J. Somaiya School of Engineering(A Constituent College of Somaiya Vidyavihar University)
Definition:
Vehicle safety refers to engineering systems and design principles aimed at minimizing the risk of injury,
fatality, or property damage in transportation.

Operates after the accident
to reduce consequences.
Operates before the accident to
prevent or minimize its occurrence.

4. Somaiya Vidyavihar University K.J. Somaiya School of Engineering(A Constituent College of Somaiya Vidyavihar University) Key Objectives:
Prevent accidents through design, control systems, and driver aids.
Protect occupants during crashes by reducing forces and maintaining survival space.
Ensure post-crash safety through emergency systems and communication.
Factors Influencing Safety:
Vehicle structure and crashworthiness
Human behavior and error
Environmental and road conditions
Advanced electronic systems and design standards

5. 2. PASSIVE SAFETY SYSTEMSSomaiya Vidyavihar University K.J. Somaiya School of Engineering(A Constituent College of Somaiya Vidyavihar University)
Passive safety systems are designed to reduce injury severity once a collision occurs. These systems
absorb impact energy, restrain occupants, and prevent secondary injuries.
Main Principles:
Energy Management: Dissipate kinetic energy
safely through structural deformation.
Occupant Retention: Prevent occupants from
ejection or high-impact contact.
Crashworthiness: Maintain cabin integrity
during impact.

6. Somaiya Vidyavihar University K.J. Somaiya School of Engineering(A Constituent College of Somaiya Vidyavihar University) Design Considerations:
Material strength (high-tensile steel,
composites)
Crash pulse management
Biomechanics of human tolerance
Sensor-based deployment systems
(for airbags, seatbelt pretensioners)
Examples: Seat belts, airbags, head restraints, crumple zones, and reinforced cabin structures.

7. 3. PASSIVE SAFETY COMPONENTSSomaiya Vidyavihar University K.J. Somaiya School of Engineering(A Constituent College of Somaiya Vidyavihar University)
1. Seat Belts:
Primary restraint device preventing
forward motion.
Equipped with pretensioners and load
limiters to minimize chest injuries.
3-point belt design is most widely used for
its balance of comfort and protection.
2. Airbags:
Deploy within 30–50 ms of impact using
crash sensors.
Front, side, curtain, and knee airbags for
comprehensive coverage.

8. Somaiya Vidyavihar University K.J. Somaiya School of Engineering(A Constituent College of Somaiya Vidyavihar University) 3. Child Restraint Systems:
ISOFIX/LATCH anchors for easy and secure
attachment.
Age-specific restraints: rear-facing (infant),
forward-facing (toddler), booster (older child).
4. Bumpers & Collapsible Steering Columns:
Designed to absorb low-speed impacts.
Steering columns collapse to avoid chest
injury to the driver.

9. Somaiya Vidyavihar University K.J. Somaiya School of Engineering(A Constituent College of Somaiya Vidyavihar University) 4. RECENT TRENDS IN PASSIVE SAFETY
1. Advanced Airbag Technologies:
Multi-stage inflators adjust deployment based
on severity and occupant position.
Curtain airbags for rollover protection.
External airbags for pedestrian safety.
2. Adaptive Head Restraints:
Automatically move forward and upward in a
rear-end collision to prevent whiplash.
3. High-Strength Lightweight Materials:
Advanced High-Strength Steel (AHSS),
aluminum alloys, and carbon composites.
Offer better energy absorption with reduced
vehicle weight.
4. Crash Simulation & Virtual Testing:
CAE and finite element analysis (ANSYS, LS-
Dyna, HyperMesh) for predicting crash
performance.

10. Somaiya Vidyavihar University K.J. Somaiya School of Engineering(A Constituent College of Somaiya Vidyavihar University) 5. Pedestrian Protection Systems:
Active hoods that lift during impact to reduce
head injuries.
6. Smart Seat Belt Systems:
Integrate pretensioners with sensor-based
adaptive force control.

11. Somaiya Vidyavihar University K.J. Somaiya School of Engineering(A Constituent College of Somaiya Vidyavihar University) 5. ACTIVE SAFETY SYSTEMSystems designed to prevent or reduce the likelihood of accidents by assisting the driver in
controlling the vehicle.
Objectives:
Maintain traction and stability under
all driving conditions.
Enhance driver awareness and
decision-making.
Compensate for human limitations
and environmental factors.

12. Somaiya Vidyavihar University K.J. Somaiya School of Engineering(A Constituent College of Somaiya Vidyavihar University) Key Functional Areas:
Braking Assistance: ABS, EBD, Brake Assist.
Steering and Stability: ESC, Traction Control.
Driver Assistance: Adaptive Cruise Control
(ACC), Lane Departure Warning (LDW), Blind Spot
Detection (BSD).
Advantages:
Shorter stopping distances.
Reduced skidding and rollover risk.
Improved control during emergency
maneuvers.

13. Somaiya Vidyavihar University K.J. Somaiya School of Engineering(A Constituent College of Somaiya Vidyavihar University) 6. ACTIVE SAFETY COMPONENTS
2. Electronic Stability Control (ESC):
Detects loss of control and applies selective
braking to stabilize vehicle.
3. Brake-by-Wire Systems:
Replace mechanical linkages with electronic
controls for faster, more precise braking.
1. Traction Control System (TCS):
Prevents wheel spin during acceleration by
adjusting power delivery.

14. Somaiya Vidyavihar University K.J. Somaiya School of Engineering(A Constituent College of Somaiya Vidyavihar University) 5. Adaptive Cruise Control (ACC):
Uses radar and sensors to maintain safe
following distance.
6. Driver Assistance Technologies (ADAS):
Lane Keeping Assist, Automatic Emergency
Braking, Collision Avoidance Systems.
4. Anti-lock Braking System (ABS):
Prevents wheel lockup during hard braking.
Maintains steering control and reduces
stopping distance.

15. Somaiya Vidyavihar University K.J. Somaiya School of Engineering(A Constituent College of Somaiya Vidyavihar University) 7. HUMAN FACTOR IN ACTIVE SAFETY
Human Factors in Active Safety:
Safety systems are designed around
human reaction time, perception, and
workload.
Ergonomically designed dashboards
reduce distraction.
HUDs (Head-Up Displays) provide real-
time safety data without diverting
attention.

16. Somaiya Vidyavihar University K.J. Somaiya School of Engineering(A Constituent College of Somaiya Vidyavihar University) 7. RECENT TRENDS IN ACTIVE SAFETY
Recent Technological Trends:
AI-based Predictive Safety: Predicts potential collisions using real-time driving data.
V2V & V2I Communication: Shares data between vehicles and infrastructure for coordinated
responses.
Driver Monitoring Systems: Detect fatigue, distraction, and inattention using cameras and sensors.
Autonomous Emergency Braking (AEB): Automatically stops the vehicle if driver fails to react.

17. Somaiya Vidyavihar University K.J. Somaiya School of Engineering(A Constituent College of Somaiya Vidyavihar University) 8. CONCLUSION
Active and Passive Safety Systems together form the foundation of modern vehicle
safety. Passive systems mitigate crash effects; Active systems prevent them. The
integration of sensors, AI, and automation marks a new era of “Proactive Safety.”
Continuous research and regulatory support will further enhance occupant protection
and accident prevention.
Safety is a design discipline — not an afterthought.

18. Somaiya Vidyavihar University K.J. Somaiya School of Engineering(A Constituent College of Somaiya Vidyavihar University) REFERENCES
https://www.roadsafetyfacts.eu/passive-safety-systems-what-are-they-and-how-do-they-work/
https://roadsafetyfacts.eu/active-safety-systems-what-are-they-and-how-do-they-work/
Module 1: Principles of Vehicle Safety; Class PPT