VIRAL Webinar - Lit Review kendari .pptx

Webinar

1. VIRTUAL LEARNING FOR ACADEMIC LANGUAGE WRITING A LITERATURE REVIEW Mohd Shamsuri Md Saad Head of Department Department of Human Development Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka [email protected] [phone]

2. WHERE DO I BEGIN? “The man who doesn’t read good books has no advantage over the man who can’t read them” Mark Twain

3. OVERVIEW OF RESEARCH PROCESS Theoretical framework Conceptual framework Research Q Or Hypothesis Instruments Emerging P r o blems Data analysis Literature review P r e- d eterm i ned Problems

4. SOME OVERVIEW BEFORE WRITING https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10980-011-9674-3

5. WHAT IS A LITERATURE REVIEW? In this session, we will talk about: i ) the process ii) the output

6. WHAT IS A LIT REVIEW? Definition : A lit review surveys, summarizes, and links information about a given topic . A good lit review assesses this information and distills it for the reader .

7. WHAT IS A LIT REVIEW? A lit review provides context and background for your work. It’s an essay, a synthesis of information relevant to your work . •“The best lit reviews tell a good story.” –Regina Winters

8. WHAT A LIT REVIEW IS NOT? ? A lit review is NOT an annotated bibliography Annotated Bibliographies: Cite various works Summarize major points of those works Talk about the importance of each work to the reader or larger community Discuss gaps in the literature or shortcomings of the works Are useful tools Are first steps to a good lit review , so Don’t stop there!

9. HOW OLD IS OLD? Time line of the literature Theories, ideas, findings are developmental Theories, ideas, findings are challenged, criticized, and modified Follow the chronological order 2017 1997 2007 Old, outdated, obsolete Re a sonable Recommended 202 Sustainable Sc i e n c e Social Sc.

10. WHAT’S THE PROCESS? 01 2 3 4 5 Define/refine topic Determine approach Research effectively Read critically Analyze and evaluate

11. WHAT’S THE PROCESS? 6 7 8 9 Take great notes Be organized Draft written output Edit and refine

12. DEFINE/REFINE TOPIC What’s our current knowledge base? Do you know what you don’t know? Don’t feel bad –that’s often the case… Do get help! 2 1 3 4 This might be an iterative process, but it’s easier if we begin with focus and with some general knowledge already.

13. DETERMINE APPROACH •Develop a set of questions to be applied to all articles •How will we structure our lit review? Chronologically 1 2 Thematically

14. RESEARCH EFFECTIVELY 01 2 Mine references from sources, look for repetitions and reviews Use high quality sources Use a variety of sources 3 4 Connect the dots

15. •“When you’re gathering information for your lit review, you won’t use everything you gather –use the best of the best of the best!” – Regina Winters WE MAY FIND A LOT OF THINGS…

16. ANALYZE AND EVALUATE What is our research question and how does this material relate? A Are there foundational articles/seminal works which must be included? B How is the topic framed? C Are there fringe works that should not be included? D Is there a central debate that should be acknowledged and addressed? E F Where is the topic headed in the future?

17. READ CRITICALLY What is the source, the claim, and the conclusions of the material? •Perspective and/or bias •Reason(s) for publishing •Significance of findings 1 2 3 What are the assumptions and evidence? Is the methodology valid? •Flawed reasoning or fallacies •Alternative explanations •Omissions 4 How does it relate? 5 What does it mean?

18. TAKE GREAT NOTES Highlighting is good for skimming Margin notes suggest your analysis and connections of material Outlines may be useful for complex or important works Spreadsheets or grids help track numerous sources across consistent variables or metrics Checklists help track progress and connections

19. TAKE GREAT NOTES Summaries with additional notes from your own analysis and processing –and written in your own words –help cut down transaction costs when reading and reviewing many sources

20. LITERATURE REVIEW TOOLS Literature Matrices Matrices are documents that allow us to compile details about our sources and begin to note similarities. Items in Matrices Theoretical framework Research questions/objectives Methodology Conclusions Implications for future research and practice. 2 We can also use softwares as a tool to review the literature. Scholarcy Zotero MAXQDA Synthesis and etc.

21. Literature Matrices

22. BE ORGANIZED

23. •“A lit review should provide a conceptual framework.” –Dean Schwartz DRAFT WRITTEN PRODUCT Use your own words Tell the story, make your case List of who said what is the starting point, not the final product Cite accurately Make connections for your readers Write to your audience

24. CONSTRUCTING THE WRITING Introduction •Topic and importance Use facts History and/or background •Narrows topic •Talks about implications •What will this section say? •How will you say it?

25. CONSTRUCTING THE WRITING Sections help with navigation Start by painting the big picture by theme Discuss aspects using works Start with large or important works Discuss more detailed studies as needed and appropriate Provide assessment about quality Overall and specific Gaps , new directions, info needed? 22

26. SOME EXAMPLES (COMPARISON)

27. SOME EXAMPLES (GOOD) The Leadership Quarterly/Volume 4, Issue 1, Spring 1993 , Pages 81-102

28. SOME EXAMPLES (GOOD) Credit: Prof. Supyan Hussin , UKM)

29. SOME EXAMPLES (GOOD) Budaya cinta ilmu difahami daripada penulisan ilmuwan Muslim berhubung budaya ilmu. Ini kerana cinta ilmu termasuk salah satu unsur utama dalam pembinaan sebuah budaya ilmu. Tinjauan literatur mendapati Wan Mohd Nor (1988) ialah perintis kepada penulisan berhubung budaya ilmu. Dalam beberapa buah karya, beliau berusaha untuk mengetengahkan sejarah, ciri- ciri, kepentingan dan nilai budaya ilmu dalam masyarakat. Beliau menyatakan bahawa budaya ini semakin terhakis meskipun zahirnya berlaku kemajuan teknologi hasil pemodenan. Namun, budaya ilmu bersifat dalaman tidak dapat dirasai oleh masyarakat secara umum. Maka ada keperluan untuk mencambahkannya semula agar tamadun Melayu Islam dapat dipertahankan sebaiknya. Namun, Marzukai (1994) berpandangan budaya ini tidak begitu diterapkan dalam amalan sekolah kerana masih terikat dengan sistem orientasi peperiksaan. Ini menjadikan motivasi pelajar kurang dijanakan seperti anjuran Islam. Sedangkan budaya ilmu adalah penting dalam peringkat pengajian yang lebih tinggi iaitu universiti (Zaini 2009). Beliau berpandangan bahawa seluruh warga universiti termasuk staf sokongan berperanan dalam menyedia ekosistem intelektual dan bertanggungjawab menambah ilmu dari masa ke masa. Maka, budaya ilmu perlu dimulakan di peringkat universiti sebelum diterapkan dalam kalangan masyarakat secara umum. Mulakan perenggan dengan pandangan sendiri dalam ayat topik ; kemudian disokong atau diberikan contoh dengan pandangan orang lain. Ini contoh yang baik (credit: Prof. Supyan Hussin , UKM)

30. SOME EXAMPLES (BAD) The presumption of paternity or legitimacy is an ancient Roman law rules which provides that husband of a married woman to be the father of her child (Kolinsky, 2014). In most countries, the presumption is conclusive and can only be rebutted by evidence of non-intercourse (Seow Fu Yong, 2010). The existence of this presumption had undeniably affected the husband of a married woman who is not biologically related to the child (Singer, 2006) and the biological father who felt morally obligated to have a relationship with the child (Kovach 2010). While the issue can be settled with the admissibility of scientific evidence, such as DNA evidence which can now accurately determine the paternity of the child, the courts are bound to preserve the presumption in order to protect the interest of the child and to safeguard the sanctity of marriage (Hoover, 2011). To resolve the issue, Kolinsky (2014) and Courtney (2015) suggested that the presumption should be relegated to one that is fully rebuttable. This would certainly give the court power to admit scientific evidence to ensure that fathers could establish or disestablish their paternity. What has not been considered by both Kolinsky (2014) and Courtney (2015) is, once scientific evidence is admitted, the child’s interest may not be protected. Marriage may collapse and the child might suffer traumatic injury. Brown-Barbour (2015) stated that in paternity identification cases, child’s interest is the paramount consideration that must be taken into account by courts. In balancing the best interest of the child and recognising introduction of modern science, she suggested that mandatory genetic testing at the time of birth or soon after that is the best answer to resolve the issue at hand. Paternity ascription should be done when the children are still at their infancy in order to mitigate any psychological injury they might suffer as a result of divorce or misattributed paternity. While the researcher agrees with the view of Brown-Barbour (2015), what she suggested will only resolve future cases once mandatory genetic testing is imposed. It still fail to resolve pending paternity identification cases. It is also the researcher’s contention although the mandatory genetic testing is beneficial to all parties, it raises significant privacy concern when the father or Avoid over-citing in every sentence as if you don’t have any voice (Credit: Prof. Supyan , UKM)

31. SOME EXAMPLES (BAD) Avoid over-citing in every sentence as if you don’t have any voice (Credit: Prof. Supyan , UKM) Teaching experience is one of the major contributors to the shaping of teachers’ beliefs among teachers of English as a second/foreign language. Researchers who studied teacher beliefs in second/foreign language teaching have found out that teaching experience has strong influence on language teaching practices (Borg, 2006; Basturkmen, 2012, Nishimuro & Borg, 2013; Zheng & Borg, 2013; Farrell & Bennis, 2013, Elisha Nurusus, Arshad Abd Samad, Sharifah Zainab Syed Abdul Rahman, Nooreen Noordin & Juridah Md Rashid, 2015). According to Basturkmen (2012, p. 288), experienced teachers tend to have more ‘experientially informed’ beliefs than novice teachers and these beliefs ‘might be expected to correspond clearly with teaching practices’. However, in a study conducted by Farrell and Bennis (2013), one experienced teacher, Sam, who has been teaching English for nineteen years claimed that he had the tendency to deviate from his beliefs about error correction especially during incidental episodes of classroom teaching. Farrell and Bennis attributed this to factors like constraints of time for the lesson conducted that caused Sam some difficulties to fully translate his beliefs into practice. Similarly, this echoes the findings from Farrell and Lim (2005) which also highlighted teachers’ concerns regarding time constraints. This shows that time constraint as contextual factor can be a more influential factor that affects teachers’ decision-making process while executing their lessons. On the other hand, novice teachers are said to have less stable beliefs (Basturkmen, 2012; Farrell and Bennis, 2013; Elisha Nurusus et al. 2015 ). This is displayed in the case of novice teacher studied by Farrell and Bennis (2013, p.173) which ‘highlighted more divergence rather than convergence between his stated beliefs and classroom practices. Farrell and Bennis noted that this was highly likely because he was trying out several approaches and techniques in his teaching and this suggested that his beliefs are less stable. In addition, Elisha Nurusus et al. (2015) also found out that novice teachers do not seem to believe in providing feedback to students due to factors like insufficient knowledge or confidence to provide feedback related to language use.

32. SOME EXAMPLES (BAD) (Credit: Prof. Supyan , UKM)

33. EDIT AND REFINE Let it sit Get outside opinions and assistance Don’t rush this step YOUR IDEA 23

34. CONCLUSIONS 19 Poor Literature Reviews Good Literature Reviews Confusing and wordy Clear and concise Is essentially an annotated bibliography Synthesises available research Uses only a minimum amount of sources Uses a wide range of relevant, up-to-date sources Only summarises the literature Evaluates, compares, contrasts and comments on the literature where possible