Virtue ethics aristotle 2207

Virtue Theory - Aristotle

1. Virtue Ethics : : Aristotle Architecture 2207 Abalos, Daevid C. Balagat, Ronnie Shannon N. Banasihan, Patricia Mae B.

2. Virtue Ethics : : Aristotle Architecture 2207 Abalos, Daevid C. Balagat, Ronnie Shannon N. Banasihan, Patricia Mae B. INTRODUCTION : : Intended Learning Outcomes: Recognize the meaning of Eudaimonia and its relation to Ethics. Differentiate the parts of the soul in relation to their respective functions; Appreciate and articulate the role of virtue in crafting an ethical life; and Articulate the difference between philosophical knowledge and practical wisdom. What is ? Ethics : Virtue : Virtue Ethics :

3. Virtue Ethics : : Aristotle Architecture 2207 Abalos, Daevid C. Balagat, Ronnie Shannon N. Banasihan, Patricia Mae B. INTRODUCTION : : Intended Learning Outcomes: Recognize the meaning of Eudaimonia and its relation to Ethics. Differentiate the parts of the soul in relation to their respective functions; Appreciate and articulate the role of virtue in crafting an ethical life; and Articulate the difference between philosophical knowledge and practical wisdom. What is ? Ethics : Virtue : Virtue Ethics : “ Madaling maging tao , mahirap magpakatao .” Comes from the Greek word Ethos , which means custom, a characteristic, or habitual way of doing things derived form one’s character. Ethics is a matter of living well through habitual practice of virtue which translates into having a virtous or excellent character

4. Virtue Ethics : : Aristotle INTRODUCTION : : Intended Learning Outcomes: Recognize the meaning of Eudaimonia and its relation to Ethics. Differentiate the parts of the soul in relation to their respective functions; Appreciate and articulate the role of virtue in crafting an ethical life; and Articulate the difference between philosophical knowledge and practical wisdom. What is ? Ethics : Virtue : Comes from the Greek word Ethos , which means custom, a characteristic, or habitual way of doing things derived form one’s character. Ethics is a matter of living well through habitual practice of virtue which translates into having a virtous or excellent character “ Madaling maging tao , mahirap magpakatao .” Virtue Ethics : A good moral quality in a person, or the general quality of being morally good The Greek word for virtue is Arête which means excellence. Result of proper combination of practical wisdom ( Phronesis ) and habituation ( ethos ) in the pursuit of the mean ( mesotes )

5. Ethics : Virtue Ethics : A good moral quality in a person, or the general quality of being morally good The Greek word for virtue is Arête which means excellence. Result of proper combination of practical wisdom ( Phronesis ) and habituation ( ethos ) in the pursuit of the mean ( mesotes ) Virtue : The Greek Philosopher Aristotle (384-322 B.C), wrote the Nicomachean Ethics that distinguishes the human person from other forms of being is his/her possession of reason (Logos). Ethical Theory that emphasizes an individual’s character rather than following a set of rules. Comes from the Greek word Ethos , which means custom, a characteristic, or habitual way of doing things derived form one’s character. Ethics is a matter of living well through habitual practice of virtue which translates into having a virtous or excellent character “ Madaling maging tao , mahirap magpakatao .” “ Morality is not a matter of knowing the good but actually doing or practicing the good habitually .” -ARISTOTLE

6. Virtue : Virtue Ethics : The Greek Philosopher Aristotle (384-322 B.C), wrote the Nicomachean Ethics that distinguishes the human person from other forms of being is his/her possession of reason (Logos). Ethical Theory that emphasizes an individual’s character rather than following a set of rules. “ Morality is not a matter of knowing the good but actually doing or practicing the good habitually .” -ARISTOTLE Traits Product of consistent display of a particular behavior. Character Product of action in the world; product of practice - a constant doing or way of being. Personality Approach or way of reckoning the different situations that one faces in his life- a way of navigating one’s way towards his flourishing as a human person A good moral quality in a person, or the general quality of being morally good The Greek word for virtue is Arête which means excellence. Result of proper combination of practical wisdom ( Phronesis ) and habituation ( ethos ) in the pursuit of the mean ( mesotes )

7. Virtue : Virtue Ethics : The Greek Philosopher Aristotle (384-322 B.C), wrote the Nicomachean Ethics that distinguishes the human person from other forms of being is his/her possession of reason (Logos). Ethical Theory that emphasizes an individual’s character rather than following a set of rules. Traits Product of consistent display of a particular behavior. Character Product of action in the world; product of practice - a constant doing or way of being. Personality Approach or way of reckoning the different situations that one faces in his life- a way of navigating one’s way towards his flourishing as a human person Aristotle & Nicomachean Ethics “ Morality is not a matter of knowing the good but actually doing or practicing the good habitually .” -ARISTOTLE

8. Traits Product of consistent display of a particular behavior. Character Product of action in the world; product of practice - a constant doing or way of being. Personality Approach or way of reckoning the different situations that one faces in his life- a way of navigating one’s way towards his flourishing as a human person Aristotle & Nicomachean Ethics NAME : Aristotle PLACE OF BIRTH Stagira, Chalcidice, Greece OCCUPATION: Philosopher EDUCATION: Plato’s Academy, Lyceum

9. Aristotle & Nicomachean Ethics NAME : Aristotle PLACE OF BIRTH Stagira, Chalcidice, Greece OCCUPATION: Philosopher EDUCATION: Plato’s Academy, Lyceum BACKGROUND Aristotle Greek Philosopher who wrote Nicomachean ethics, Plato’s most prolific student Nicomachean Ethics- book dedicated to his son Nicomachus Nicomachus - his father; student of natural history and a physician; served under Amnytas II, king of Macedonia Amnytas - father of Philip the Great Philip the Great- grandfather to Alexander the Great

10. BACKGROUND Aristotle Greek Philosopher who wrote Nicomachean ethics, Plato’s most prolific student Nicomachean Ethics- book dedicated to his son Nicomachus Nicomachus - his father; student of natural history and a physician; served under Amnytas II, king of Macedonia Amnytas - father of Philip the Great Philip the Great- grandfather to Alexander the Great NAME : Aristotle PLACE OF BIRTH Stagira, Chalcidice, Greece OCCUPATION: Philosopher EDUCATION: Plato’s Academy, Lyceum S erved to royal family as tutor to young Alexander the Great W e can only fully actualize our potential as human being essentially aims to and do the necessary things to fulfill our function (ergon) in the most excellent way possible H is ethics is grounded in the formation of one's character- a way of being and living in harmony with the human person's proper end. Proper good of the human person is achievable in this world through the practical cultivation of virtue (arete)

11. S erved to royal family as tutor to young Alexander the Great W e can only fully actualize our potential as human being essentially aims to and do the necessary things to fulfill our function (ergon) in the most excellent way possible H is ethics is grounded in the formation of one's character- a way of being and living in harmony with the human person's proper end. Proper good of the human person is achievable in this world through the practical cultivation of virtue (arete) NICOMACHEAN ETHICS: A handbook for those who seek to build and cultivate one’s character in the hope of achieving life’s ultimate goal ( Telos ), which he says is happiness or flourishing. ( Eudaimonia ). We can only fully actualize our potential as human being essentially aims to and do the necessary things to fulfill our function (ergon) in the most excellent way possible BACKGROUND Aristotle Greek Philosopher who wrote Nicomachean ethics, Plato’s most prolific student Nicomachean Ethics- book dedicated to his son Nicomachus Nicomachus - his father; student of natural history and a physician; served under Amnytas II, king of Macedonia Amnytas - father of Philip the Great Philip the Great- grandfather to Alexander the Great

12. NICOMACHEAN ETHICS: A handbook for those who seek to build and cultivate one’s character in the hope of achieving life’s ultimate goal ( Telos ), which he says is happiness or flourishing. ( Eudaimonia ). We can only fully actualize our potential as human being essentially aims to and do the necessary things to fulfill our function (ergon) in the most excellent way possible S erved to royal family as tutor to young Alexander the Great W e can only fully actualize our potential as human being essentially aims to and do the necessary things to fulfill our function (ergon) in the most excellent way possible H is ethics is grounded in the formation of one's character- a way of being and living in harmony with the human person's proper end. Proper good of the human person is achievable in this world through the practical cultivation of virtue (arete) Ethics as the Art of Living Well

13. NICOMACHEAN ETHICS: A handbook for those who seek to build and cultivate one’s character in the hope of achieving life’s ultimate goal ( Telos ), which he says is happiness or flourishing. ( Eudaimonia ). We can only fully actualize our potential as human being essentially aims to and do the necessary things to fulfill our function (ergon) in the most excellent way possible Ethics as the Art of Living Well Aristotle names the chief good for the human person is happiness or eudaimonia. Happiness is the self-sufficient, final, and attainable goal of human life. Eudaimonia, as the proper end of man, is not some kind of inactive state but is actually something that one does. “Eudaimonia is an activity of the soul in accordance with virtue.” -Aristotle Eudaimonia

14. Ethics as the Art of Living Well Eudaimonia Aristotle names the chief good for the human person is happiness or eudaimonia. Happiness is the self-sufficient, final, and attainable goal of human life. Eudaimonia, as the proper end of man, is not some kind of inactive state but is actually something that one does. “Eudaimonia is an activity of the soul in accordance with virtue.” -Aristotle Eudaimonia : Happiness is the chief good of human person is attainable through proper exercise of reason both morally and intellectually. Eudaimonia is activity of the soul that attempts to choose the mean between two extremes in realm of morality. Therefore, happiness is not mere self-indulgence or pleasure-seeking for Aristotle. It denotes an activity that essentially corresponds to the proper nature of the human being. g

15. Eudaimonia : Aristotle names the chief good for the human person is happiness or eudaimonia. Happiness is the self-sufficient, final, and attainable goal of human life. Eudaimonia, as the proper end of man, is not some kind of inactive state but is actually something that one does. “Eudaimonia is an activity of the soul in accordance with virtue.” -Aristotle Happiness is the chief good of human person is attainable through proper exercise of reason both morally and intellectually. Eudaimonia is activity of the soul that attempts to choose the mean between two extremes in realm of morality. Therefore, happiness is not mere self-indulgence or pleasure-seeking for Aristotle. It denotes an activity that essentially corresponds to the proper nature of the human being. g The Soul : Aristotle defines the soul as a part of human being that animates the body; Body and soul are inseparable. The soul composed of both rational and irrational elements. Rational part - This is the part responsible for reason (logos). Its virtues include theoretical wisdom ( S ophia), understanding ( S unesis ), and practical wisdom (Phronesis). Irrational part – Aristotle says that this part of the soul is not relevant in discussing happiness or virtue. Eudaimonia

16. Eudaimonia : g The Soul : Aristotle defines the soul as a part of human being that animates the body; Body and soul are inseparable. The soul composed of both rational and irrational elements. Rational part - This is the part responsible for reason (logos). Its virtues include theoretical wisdom ( S ophia), understanding ( S unesis ), and practical wisdom (Phronesis). Irrational part – Aristotle says that this part of the soul is not relevant in discussing happiness or virtue. Happiness is the chief good of human person is attainable through proper exercise of reason both morally and intellectually. Eudaimonia is activity of the soul that attempts to choose the mean between two extremes in realm of morality. Therefore, happiness is not mere self-indulgence or pleasure-seeking for Aristotle. It denotes an activity that essentially corresponds to the proper nature of the human being. The soul according to the Nicomachean Ethics : It is responsible for knowledge; concerned with pure thought and the base of contemplation RATIONAL PRACTICAL SPECULATIVE IRRATIONAL APPETETIVE VEGETATIVE SOUL Responsible or choice and action; charge of action and practical determination of the proper means to attain a specific end In charge of the nutrition and growth of human being; takes acre of all involuntary functions of the body from breathing to digestion shares the rational element of the soul; cannot reason itself but influenced by it like passion such as desire for wealth are different to control.

17. g The Soul : Aristotle defines the soul as a part of human being that animates the body; Body and soul are inseparable. The soul composed of both rational and irrational elements. The soul according to the Nicomachean Ethics : It is responsible for knowledge; concerned with pure thought and the base of contemplation RATIONAL PRACTICAL SPECULATIVE IRRATIONAL APPETETIVE VEGETATIVE SOUL Responsible or choice and action; charge of action and practical determination of the proper means to attain a specific end In charge of the nutrition and growth of human being; takes acre of all involuntary functions of the body from breathing to digestion shares the rational element of the soul; cannot reason itself but influenced by it like passion such as desire for wealth are different to control. Virtue , the Mean & Practical Wisdom ; Rational part - This is the part responsible for reason (logos). Its virtues include theoretical wisdom ( S ophia), understanding ( S unesis ), and practical wisdom (Phronesis). Irrational part – Aristotle says that this part of the soul is not relevant in discussing happiness or virtue.

18. Virtue , the Mean & Practical Wisdom ; The soul according to the Nicomachean Ethics : It is responsible for knowledge; concerned with pure thought and the base of contemplation RATIONAL PRACTICAL SPECULATIVE IRRATIONAL APPETETIVE VEGETATIVE SOUL Responsible or choice and action; charge of action and practical determination of the proper means to attain a specific end In charge of the nutrition and growth of human being; takes acre of all involuntary functions of the body from breathing to digestion shares the rational element of the soul; cannot reason itself but influenced by it like passion such as desire for wealth are different to control. c Virtue Comes from the Greek word Arete means excellence . By excellence, the Greek thought of how a thing fulfills its function ( Ergon ) in accordance with its nature Virtuous To exhibit one's capacity to fulfill one's essence or purpose in such a way that one's potentiality as a particular being may be said to be actualized in the most excellent way.

19. Virtue , the Mean & Practical Wisdom ; c Virtue Comes from the Greek word Arete means excellence . By excellence, the Greek thought of how a thing fulfills its function ( Ergon ) in accordance with its nature Virtuous To exhibit one's capacity to fulfill one's essence or purpose in such a way that one's potentiality as a particular being may be said to be actualized in the most excellent way. Virtue Aristotle says that there are two kinds of virtues - moral and intellectual virtue. Moral Virtue Intellectual Virtue Got its name ( Ethike ) by slight alteration of the term habit (ethos) Has to do with excellence in performance of decision relating to moral and practical activity; arises from habitual practice (ethos) Has to do with one's capacity to harness reason's contemplative capacity for arriving at knowledge; owes its existence and development to teaching

20. c Virtue Comes from the Greek word Arete means excellence . By excellence, the Greek thought of how a thing fulfills its function ( Ergon ) in accordance with its nature Virtuous To exhibit one's capacity to fulfill one's essence or purpose in such a way that one's potentiality as a particular being may be said to be actualized in the most excellent way. Virtue Aristotle says that there are two kinds of virtues - moral and intellectual virtue. Moral Virtue Intellectual Virtue Got its name ( Ethike ) by slight alteration of the term habit (ethos) Has to do with excellence in performance of decision relating to moral and practical activity; arises from habitual practice (ethos) Has to do with one's capacity to harness reason's contemplative capacity for arriving at knowledge; owes its existence and development to teaching “No Person is born morally virtuous. However, all persons have the latent potentiality to be so.”

21. Aristotle says that there are two kinds of virtues - moral and intellectual virtue. Moral Virtue Intellectual Virtue Got its name ( Ethike ) by slight alteration of the term habit (ethos) Has to do with excellence in performance of decision relating to moral and practical activity; arises from habitual practice (ethos) Has to do with one's capacity to harness reason's contemplative capacity for arriving at knowledge; owes its existence and development to teaching Virtue “No Person is born morally virtuous. However, all persons have the latent potentiality to be so.” Virtue Moral Exemplars : Moral exemplars, like other role models, affect people in three key ways: They act as behavioral models that provide examples of how one could behave, they show what is possible, and they inspire. Aristotle says that moral virtue states of character that enable person to fulfill his proper function as a human being.

22. “No Person is born morally virtuous. However, all persons have the latent potentiality to be so.” Virtue Moral Exemplars : Moral exemplars, like other role models, affect people in three key ways : They act as behavioral models that provide examples of how one could behave, they show what is possible, and they inspire. Aristotle says that moral virtue states of character that enable person to fulfill his proper function as a human being. Golden Mean The virtuous person is able to arrive at a decision or perform an action that may be considered as an intermediate between deficiency and excess , which he calls the Mean or Mesotes . “It is precisely the person’s capacity to read situations that makes him/her virtuous.”

23. Moral Exemplars : Moral exemplars, like other role models, affect people in three key ways: They act as behavioral models that provide examples of how one could behave, they show what is possible, and they inspire. Aristotle says that moral virtue states of character that enable person to fulfill his proper function as a human being. Golden Mean The virtuous person is able to arrive at a decision or perform an action that may be considered as an intermediate between deficiency and excess , which he calls the Mean or Mesotes . “It is precisely the person’s capacity to read situations that makes him/her virtuous.” VICE (defect ) VIRTUE (mean ) VICE (excess ) PERTAINING TO cowardice courage recklessness fear & confidence insensibility self-control self-indulgence pleasure & pain stinginess generosity extravagance small amounts of $ niggardliness magnificence gaudiness large amounts of $ small-mindedness high-mindedness vanity honor & dishonor apathy gentleness short temper anger self-depreciation truthfulness boastfulness truth about oneself boorishness wittiness buffoonery pleasantness (in amusement) grouchiness friendliness obsequiousness, flattery pleasantness (in daily life) shamelessness modesty “abashed at everything” sense of shame spite righteous indignation envy pleasure & pain at fortunes of others

24. Golden Mean The virtuous person is able to arrive at a decision or perform an action that may be considered as an intermediate between deficiency and excess , which he calls the Mean or Mesotes . “It is precisely the person’s capacity to read situations that makes him/her virtuous.” VICE (defect ) VIRTUE (mean ) VICE (excess ) PERTAINING TO cowardice courage recklessness fear & confidence insensibility self-control self-indulgence pleasure & pain stinginess generosity extravagance small amounts of $ niggardliness magnificence gaudiness large amounts of $ small-mindedness high-mindedness vanity honor & dishonor apathy gentleness short temper anger self-depreciation truthfulness boastfulness truth about oneself boorishness wittiness buffoonery pleasantness (in amusement) grouchiness friendliness obsequiousness, flattery pleasantness (in daily life) shamelessness modesty “abashed at everything” sense of shame spite righteous indignation envy pleasure & pain at fortunes of others “To be morally virtuous, one must be able to respond to situations not just with the correct feeling or action but in the proper degree, at the right time, towards the right people and for the right reasons.” Mean

25. q VICE (defect ) VIRTUE (mean ) VICE (excess ) PERTAINING TO cowardice courage recklessness fear & confidence insensibility self-control self-indulgence pleasure & pain stinginess generosity extravagance small amounts of $ niggardliness magnificence gaudiness large amounts of $ small-mindedness high-mindedness vanity honor & dishonor apathy gentleness short temper anger self-depreciation truthfulness boastfulness truth about oneself boorishness wittiness buffoonery pleasantness (in amusement) grouchiness friendliness obsequiousness, flattery pleasantness (in daily life) shamelessness modesty “abashed at everything” sense of shame spite righteous indignation envy pleasure & pain at fortunes of others “To be morally virtuous, one must be able to respond to situations not just with the correct feeling or action but in the proper degree, at the right time, towards the right people and for the right reasons.” Mean Practical Wisdom Practical Wisdom ( Phronêsis ) is the human person’s instrument in dealing with moral choices; kind of knowledge that deals with practical matters and not just with ideas and concepts. Phronêsis is the intellectual virtue responsible for bringing the human person closer to his/her chief good in the realm of morality; it aids one in being happy.

26. “To be morally virtuous, one must be able to respond to situations not just with the correct feeling or action but in the proper degree, at the right time, towards the right people and for the right reasons.” Mean q Practical Wisdom Practical Wisdom ( Phronêsis ) is the human person’s instrument in dealing with moral choices; kind of knowledge that deals with practical matters and not just with ideas and concepts. Phronêsis is the intellectual virtue responsible for bringing the human person closer to his/her chief good in the realm of morality; it aids one in being happy. Aristotle says that for one to attain chief good, the person must continually bring himself/herself to situations where his/her mettle and skills may be tested. For instance : Courage is a learned intellectual and practical skill. Mesotes & Phronesis

27. q Practical Wisdom Practical Wisdom ( Phronêsis ) is the human person’s instrument in dealing with moral choices; kind of knowledge that deals with practical matters and not just with ideas and concepts. Phronêsis is the intellectual virtue responsible for bringing the human person closer to his/her chief good in the realm of morality; it aids one in being happy. Aristotle says that for one to attain chief good, the person must continually bring himself/herself to situations where his/her mettle and skills may be tested. For instance : Courage is a learned intellectual and practical skill. Mesotes & Phronesis Contemplation & Philosophical Knowledge

28. q Aristotle says that for one to attain chief good, the person must continually bring himself/herself to situations where his/her mettle and skills may be tested. For instance : Courage is a learned intellectual and practical skill. Mesotes & Phronesis Contemplation & Philosophical Knowledge Contemplation is an act that can be loved for its own sake because it has no other aim than to reveal the most fundamental truth of existence. If the practical wisdom serves as a guide for action in everyday life, the act of contemplation is a pursuit of philosophical wisdom Contemplation “No person may be considered happier than a person who has the time and the leisurely disposition for contemplation.” b v

29. Contemplation is an act that can be loved for its own sake because it has no other aim than to reveal the most fundamental truth of existence. If the practical wisdom serves as a guide for action in everyday life, the act of contemplation is a pursuit of philosophical wisdom Contemplation & Philosophical Knowledge Contemplation “No person may be considered happier than a person who has the time and the leisurely disposition for contemplation.” b v Philosophizing- the most pleasant of virtuous activities because it does not rely on anything else for its fulfillment other than the desire to do it; the most self-sufficient act Philosophical Knowledge Practical virtues such as courage and temperance need specific conditions to be attained, while philosophy is something a person can do anytime by himself/herself anytime.

30. b Contemplation is an act that can be loved for its own sake because it has no other aim than to reveal the most fundamental truth of existence. If the practical wisdom serves as a guide for action in everyday life, the act of contemplation is a pursuit of philosophical wisdom Contemplation “No person may be considered happier than a person who has the time and the leisurely disposition for contemplation.” Philosophizing- the most pleasant of virtuous activities because it does not rely on anything else for its fulfillment other than the desire to do it; the most self-sufficient act Philosophical Knowledge v Practical virtues such as courage and temperance need specific conditions to be attained, while philosophy is something a person can do anytime by himself/herself anytime. Conclusion:

31. v Conclusion: b Philosophizing- the most pleasant of virtuous activities because it does not rely on anything else for its fulfillment other than the desire to do it; the most self-sufficient act Philosophical Knowledge Practical virtues such as courage and temperance need specific conditions to be attained, while philosophy is something a person can do anytime by himself/herself anytime. “Eudaimonia (happiness) is the meaning of life and the purpose of life, the whole aim and the end of human existence.” -Aristotle

32. v Conclusion: Virtue Ethics : : Architecture 2207 Abalos, Daevid C. Balagat, Ronnie Shannon N. Banasihan, Patricia Mae B. “Eudaimonia (happiness) is the meaning of life and the purpose of life, the whole aim and the end of human existence.” -Aristotle Aristotle

33. Virtue Ethics : : Aristotle Architecture 2207 Abalos, Daevid C. Balagat, Ronnie Shannon N. Banasihan, Patricia Mae B. “Eudaimonia (happiness) is the meaning of life and the purpose of life, the whole aim and the end of human existence.” -Aristotle