VISUAL IMPAIRMENT.pdf

It talks about visual impairment, definition, types, CATEGORIES OF VISUAL IMPAIRMENT, Identification of Visually Impaired Children, Causes of Visual Impairment, TEACHER’S APPROACHES TO ELIMINATE THE VISUAL DEFECTS, INSTRUMENTS FOR VISUALLY IMPAIRED, Prevention of Visual Impairment, Plus Curriculum

1. VisualImpairment
DR. C. BEULAH JAYARANI
M.Sc., M.A, M.Ed, M.Phil(Edn), M.Phil(ZOO), NET, Ph.D(Edn)
ASST. PROFESSOR,
LOYOLA COLLEGE OF EDUCATION, CHENNAI -34

2. VisualImpairment
•Visualimpairmentisthecommon
termusedto indicateanydegreeof
visionloss.
•Visualimpairmentincludesboth
blindnessand lowvision.
•Both blindness and low vision are
different from each other in terms of
loss and functions of vision.
4/14/2022 2DR. C. BEULAH JAYARANI

3. Visualimpairment-Definition
Visualimpairmentsincluding
blindnessaredefinedas
“visionthat,evenwith
correction, adversely
affectsachild’seducational
performance.Theterm
includesbothlowvisionand
blindness.”
4/14/2022 3DR. C. BEULAH JAYARANI

4. LegalBlindness
•Theterm‘legal
blindness’is
definedas central
visual acuity of
6/60 in the better
eye after thebest
possible
correction.
4/14/2022 4DR. C. BEULAH JAYARANI

5. Blindness Definition
•PWDAct,1995–Defines: “Totalabsence
ofsight,or Visualacuitynot
exceeding6/60or20/200 ( Snellen)
in the better eye with correcting lenses;
or limitationofthefieldofvision
subtendingan angleof20degreeor
worse”.
4/14/2022 5DR. C. BEULAH JAYARANI

6. THE BLIND
•A blind child is one whose
vision is not defective that
he cannot be educated
through visual methods,
and hence has to be
educated through channels
other than vision.
4/14/2022 6DR. C. BEULAH JAYARANI

7. TYPES OF VISION
TotallyBlind
•No eyesightisavailableinbotheyesof
personwithtotalblindness.Therefore,
totallyblindisdefinedascomplete
absence of visualperception.
Partially Sighted
•A person who has the visual acuity of 6/21
(20/70) or less inthebettereye afterthe
bestpossiblecorrectionis knownaspartially
sighted.Thus,the remainingvisionisuseful
mostfor learning.
4/14/2022 7DR. C. BEULAH JAYARANI

8. CLASSIFICATION OF BLINDNESS
CONGENITAL
BLINDNESS
ADVENTITIOUS
BLINDNESS
4/14/2022 8DR. C. BEULAH JAYARANI

9. LowVision
•WHO -1992defines“lowvision”as “aperson
withlowvisionisonewhohas impairment of
visual functioning even after treatment and/or
standardrefractivecorrection,andhasa visual
acuity of less than 6/18to light perception or a
visual field ofless than 10 degreesfrom the point
of fixation , but who uses , or is potentially able to
use visionfortheplanningorexecutionofatask.”.
4/14/2022 9DR. C. BEULAH JAYARANI

10. DefinitionforlowvisioninIndianContext
•“ Low vision person has the
visual acuity from20/200
(Snellen)to70/200 or
6/18 to 6/60in the better
eye after the bestpossible
correction.”
4/14/2022 10DR. C. BEULAH JAYARANI

11. CATEGORIES OF VISUAL IMPAIRMENT
CATEGORY VISUAL ACUITY WHO -STANDARD WHO -WORKING INDIAN
DEFINITION
1 6/6-6/18 Normal Normal Normal
2 <6/18-6/60 Visual ImpairmentLow Vision Low Vision
3 <6/60-3/60 Severe Visual ImpairmentLow Vision Blind
4 <3/60-1/60 Blind Low Vision Blind
5 <1/60-PL Blind Low Vision Blind
6 NPL Blind Total BlindnessTotal Blindness
4/14/2022 11DR. C. BEULAH JAYARANI

12. IdentificationofVisuallyImpaired
Children
•Identificationbytheteacherandparents:
certainsigns are…
•Thechildrubstheeyesexcessively, watery
eyes, reddenedeyelids, coversoneeyeand
tiltstheheadforward, holdsobjectsand
booksclosetohiseyes, asksotherchildren
forhelpwhiletakingnotesfromtheblack
board& blinksmorefrequently.
4/14/2022 12DR. C. BEULAH JAYARANI

13. CONTD.,
Hassquints, complainsabout
headachefollowingclassroomeye
work, bumpsintoobjectsorpeople,
haspooreye-handcoordination,
movesheadforwardandbackward
whilelookingat distantobjects, has
smallereyelids, seemsverysensitive
tolight.
4/14/2022 13DR. C. BEULAH JAYARANI

14. IdentificationofVisuallyImpaired Children
Identificationusingtests:
Theseareasfollows:
InterimHayes-BinetTestforI.Q.
Age6+
WISC–R
Perkins-BinetTests
TheBlindLearningAptitudeTest
(BLAT)-chronological age(6–
20)
KohsBlockDesignTest
4/14/2022 14DR. C. BEULAH JAYARANI

15. Identificationbythetestsofbehaviourand
socialdevelopment characteristics
TheHapticintelligencescaleforadultblind
WechslerAdultIntelligenceScale(WAIS
Test) (verbal)
TheSlossonIntelligencetest
PeabodyPictureVocabularyTest(PPVT)
(partially sighted)
IllinoisTestofPsycholinguisticAbilities
BoehmTestofBasicConcepts
4/14/2022 15DR. C. BEULAH JAYARANI

16. Identificationbythetestsofbehaviourand
socialdevelopment characteristics
BayleyScalesofInfantDevelopment
(BSID)
DenverDevelopmentalScreeningTest
Maxfield-Buchholzscaleofsocial
maturityforuse withpreschoolblind
children
WideRangeAchievementTest
4/14/2022 16DR. C. BEULAH JAYARANI

17. Identificationbythetestsof VISION
Visual Efficiency
Scale
Functional Vision
Assessment tool
SnellenChart
4/14/2022 17DR. C. BEULAH JAYARANI

18. IdentificationbyusingIndiantests
C. M. Bhatia’s Battery
of Performance
Tests of Intelligence
VithobaPaknikar
Performance Tests
for the Blind
4/14/2022 18DR. C. BEULAH JAYARANI

19. CausesofVisualImpairment
Ocular
General
disease
Injuries
4/14/2022 19DR. C. BEULAH JAYARANI

20. OtherCausesofVisualImpairment
Amblyopia
Corneal
opacification
Degenerative
myopia
Diabetic
retinopathy
Xerophthalmia
Retinitis
pigmentosa
4/14/2022 20DR. C. BEULAH JAYARANI

21. TEACHER’SAPPROACHESTOELIMINATETHE
VISUAL DEFECTS
1.Thechildrenshouldbemadetositinfirstrow
2.Lightshouldnotbedirectlyfocusedon them.
3.Theyshouldbegivenfeltpen orsketchpenor markerpen while writing.
4.Contrastingcoloursand boldlettersareessentialin theteachinglearning material.
5.Whilewritingon theboard,theteacherreadsit.
6.Constantlisteningtotherecordedwordsandphrases.
7.Claymodelsareusedinteaching.
8.AbacusandTaylorFrameinstrumentsare usedtoteachMathematics.
9.DistributionofenlargedXeroxcopiesofscriptstothestudentswith lowvision.
10.Usageofsafeteachinglearningmaterials.
11.Tactilebased picturesareused toteach science andsocialscience
12.Teachingthroughtactilesense,hearingsense,skill oftasteandsmell aremostly used.
4/14/2022 21DR. C. BEULAH JAYARANI

22. INSTRUMENTS FORVISUALLYIMPAIRED
Brailleslatesandstyles
Braillemachine
Abacus, TaylorFrame
CassetteRecorder, Magnifier
EmbossedDiagram
ReadingBookstand
Relievesheet, Longcane
Brailletext book
Rattleball, MagneticChess
4/14/2022 22DR. C. BEULAH JAYARANI

23. PreventionofVisual
Impairment
Globalinitiativesforeliminating
Blindness
NationalandCollaborativeEfforts
PreventiveMeasures
ICDS-Anganwadi
PrimaryHealthcareInstitutions
ThroughPublicAwareness

24. EducationalPrograms
Special
School
Integrated
Education
Inclusive
Education
4/14/2022 24DR. C. BEULAH JAYARANI

25. PlusCurriculum
•Doesn’tmeanextracurriculum
•Itisacompensatorycurriculum
•Thisisforthechildrenwithvisual
impairment.
•The specific skills peculiar to blindness are
called“pluscurriculumskills”.
•Plus curricular skills include Braille reading,
Braille writing,orientationandmobility,daily
livingskills,sensorytraining,use of mathematical
devicessuchasabacus, Taylorframe etc.
4/14/2022 25DR. C. BEULAH JAYARANI

26. 4/14/2022 Dr. C. BEULAH JAYARANI 26
References
“Inclusive Education”
•TNTEU –Study Material
•Ram Publications
•Sri Krishna Publications
•SamyukdhaPublications
•Google Images