Vitamins all important minerals .pptx

Vitamins and all important minerals

1. VITAMINS & MINERALS

2. Its an organic compound Needed in very small amount for normal metabolism Cannot be manufactured in body VITAL-AMINS As a co-factor for Enzyme reactions. Classification : Water soluble (B-complex, C) Fat soluble (A, D, E, K)

3. Daily need : 1-1.5 mg Functions : required in high calories intake diet Sources : Cereals, nuts, seeds, whole grains Metabolism : Converted into active form in brain & liver Deficiencies : Low cell capacity to generate energy Constipation Low appetite Fatigue Nausea Mental depression Peripheral neuropathy Severe neurological symptoms (later…ataxia, confusion, eye co-ordination loss) Severe: BERI-BERI B 1 - Thiamin

4. Daily needs : 1.2-1.7 mg Functions : precursor for co-enzymes needed for redox reaction Sources : Milk, Milk products, green leafy veg, Whole grain, Cereals Metabolism : Decomposes when exposed to light (newborn deficiency…phototherapy) Deficiencies : Glossitis Angular stomatitis photophobia B-2 Riboflavin

5. Daily needs : 13-19 NE (niacin equivalents 1NE=1mg free Niacin) Functions : cofactor for dehydrogenase enzyme’s reactions Sources : meat, fish, cereals, whole grains, mushrooms, peanut butter Metabolism : active form…nicotinic acid…lowers plasma cholesterol, depletion of glycogen, fat Deficiencies : Glossitis Dermatitis Wt loss Diarrhea Depression Dementia PELLAGRA B-3 Niacin

6. Functions : synthesis of co-enzyme A, metabolism of proteins, fats, carbohydrates Sources : Widespread in food Metabolism : active form….. pantathonate Deficiencies : Extremely rare B-5 Pantathemic Acid

7. Daily needs : 1.4-2 mg More in pregnancy & lactation Functions : co-factor in synthesis of a.a., glycogen Its requirement is directly proportional to protein intake Sources : Meat, Fish, Poultry, Fruits, Veg Metabolism : pyridoxal phosphate is active form Deficiencies : Rare Isoniazide , penicillamine complexes its metabolism….causes def B-6 Pyridoxin

8. Daily needs : 0.30 mg Functions : co-factor for carboxylation reactions Sources : widespread in food, also formed by intestinal bacteria Metabolism : absorption in intestine, also synthesized by intestinal bacteria Deficiencies : Rare Seen after long term antibiotics therapy…due to destruction of intestinal mucosa Excessive consumption of raw eggs….prevents intestinal absorption Biotin

9. Daily needs : 6mcg Functions : co-factor in catabolism of fatty acids Sources : milk, milk products, sea-food, fish, eggs (not found in plant origin foods) Metabolism : found in liver of animals (bound to protein) For activation…should be separated…hydrolysis…in stomach & intestine….digestion Then bounds to intrinsic factor (glycoprotein by parietal cells of stomach….carried to ileum…. absorption….transported to liver…store/ use Deficiencies : Rare ….Liver….6yrs store Pernicious Anemia (megaloblastic) Neurological complications….progressive demyelination B-12 Cyanocobalamine

10. Daily needs : 0.4mg Functions : to carry various forms of carbon units during biosynthetic reactions Sources : yeast, leafy veg, animal liver Deficiencies : Similar to B12 DNA synthesis hampered….during maturation of RBCs…..Megaloblastic Anemia * Anticonvulsants, OC pills can reduce absorption of folate Folic Acid

11. Daily needs : 60 mg Functions : reducing agent in many reactions , normal connective tissue maintenance, wound healing, bone remoulding, co-factor in synthesis of bile acids, steroids Sources : fruits, veg (cabbage family), tomatoes, papaya, mangoes, strawberries, etc Deficiencies : Requirement is more in stress/trauma Scurvey Easily bruised skin Muscle fatigue Soft-swollen gums Slow wound healing Vit C (Ascorbic Acid)

12. Daily needs : 5000 IU Functions : gene sequence control, synthesis of certain glycoproteins required for mucus secretion, vision (photoreception) *Scotopsin + vit A = Rhodopsin Sources : milk, cheese, butter, cream, eggs, liver, green leafy veg, dark orange colored fruits Deficiencies : High risk of CA ( β -carotene…plant precursor of Vit A… is an effective anti-oxidant ….reduces free radicals) Early symptoms: night blindness, more susceptibility to infections, CA, Anemia Prolonged Def: deterioration of eye tissue….progressive keratinization of cornea c/a Xerophthalmia Excess vit A : toxicity, bone pain, nausea, diarrhea, hepato-splenomegaly Vit A (Retinol)

13. Daily needs : 400 IU Functions : calcium & phosphorous homeostasis, with parathyroid hormone & calcitonin, intestinal Ca++ absorption When plasma Ca++ reduces….Calcitriol stimulates bone resorption, inhibits DCT (kidneys) to excrete Ca++ ….thus absorbed Sources : egg yolk, liver, fish, milk Deficiencies : Rickets Osteomalacia (soft bones) Vit D (Calcitriol)

14. Skin (7-dehydro-cholesterol) Ergosterol D ₂ ( Ergocalciferol ) Plants ( Ergosterol ) D ₃ ( Cholecalciferol ) Absorbed in Intestines Calcitriol Transported to Liver (Active form) (Circulating form) UV Light UV Light Liver…Hydroxylation

15. Daily needs : 30 IU Functions : natural anti-oxidant (scavenges free radical & molecular oxygen) Sources : poly unsaturated plant oil (cottonseed, soya bean, sunflower) green leafy veg, wheat, liver, egg yolk, nuts & seeds Storage : maximum in Adipose tissue Deficiency : RBC Fragility Neurological disorders Vit E (Tocoferol)

16. Daily need : not known exactly Functions : maintains normal level of blood clotting proteins & factors 2, 7, 9, 10, protein C, protein S (synthesized in liver with it) Sources : green leafy veg, cabbage family veg, milk Forms : K 1, 2, 3 K1 ….. Green veg K2 ….. By intestinal bacteria K3 …… Artificially prepared * (K1 is absorbed in intestines only in presence of bile salts & lipids) Deficiency : Very rare in adults Infants… haemorrhages Vit K

17. MINERALS Functions Sources IRON Hb formation Meat, eggs, dark green leafy veg, legumes, whole grains MAGNESIUM Healthy bones & teeth Proper CNS functioning Energy metabolism Dairy products, meat, fish, poultry, green legumes MANGANESE Enzyme structure Whole grain, tea, fruits, veg PHOSPHOROUS Healthy bones & teeth Energy metabolism Acid-base balance Milk, grains, meats, food additives POTTASSIUM Maintenance of fluid balance Nerve impulse Muscle functioning Cardiac muscle function Bananas, oranges, dates, peas, watermelon, spinach, potatoes, mushrooms, carrots, milk, dried beans, apricots SODIUM Maintains normal BP Muscle & nerve functioning, More Na intake-more water retention Table salt, baking soda, meat, Fish, poultry, eggs, dairy foods ZINC Cell reproduction Tissue growth & repair Meat, sea-food, liver, eggs, milk, whole grains

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