VITAMINS biochemistry and clinical pathology

VITAMINS biochemistry and clinical pathology

1. VITAMINS
PRESENTED BY :
Ms. Ashwini Chaudar
Dept. of Pharmaceutical
Chemistry

2. Definition : A nutrient that the body needs in small amounts to
function and stay healthy.

3. FAT SOLUBLE VITAMIN
Fat-SolubleVitamin:-A,D,E,K
Allfatsolublevitaminareabsorbedinelium(ADE).VitaminKabsorbedin
largeintestine.
VitaminA:-
Vitamin‘A’isanorganiccompound/moleculethatisanessential
micronutrientthatanasorganismneedsinasmallquantitiesforproper
functioningofitsmetabolism
Identifiedin1913.FoundbyMacalum&Devis.

4. SOURCES
Animal Source:-
Fish liver oil, egg, yolk, butter , milk, cheese.
Plant Source:-
Carrot, green leafy vegetables, sweet potatoes, apricots. provitamin
form in carotenes, fruits Papaya.

5. CHEMISTRY

6. FUNCTIONS
1) Role in vision
2) Improve immune system
3) promotes healthy skin
4) healthy reproductive systems.
5) healthy growth of muscle tissue.
6) Bones And tooth development.
7) β carotene is an antioxidant & may protect against cancer.

7. DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS
Night blindness. difficulty to see in dim light
Xeropthalmia -Dryness: is conjunctive & cornea.
Bitot’sspot -white triangular plaques in conjunctiva.
Acne
growth retardation.

8. TOXICITY
Higher conc. of retinol increases. synthesis of lysosomal hydrolase.
Exfoliative dermatitis-Drying & redness of skin.
Acute toxicity-Headache, vomiting, laughing, vision.
Chronic toxicity-Nausia, vomiting, bone & Joint pain weight loss.
RDA (Recommended daily alwonce)
Adult → Male 1000,Female 800 IU(International Unit).pregnancy & lactation 1000-1200
IU,Imfants-400 IU

9. VITAMIND
It is fat soluble vitamin.
resembles sterols in structure & function like hormone
vit. D in (1931) is isolated form was by Angus.
Dietary Source:-
good Source of vitamin D include fanyfish ,fish liver oils, eggs, yolk etc.
Milk is not good source of vit D.
Vitamin D can be provided to the body three ways.
1.Exposure of skin to sunlight for synthesisofvit. D
2.Consumption of natural foods. By irritating foods like yeast) that
contain precursors of vitamin D & fortificatof food (milk butter) etc.

10. VITAMIND
There exist two forms of vitamin D. i.e. D3 and D2.
D2-Ergocalciferol they found in plants
D3-Cholecalciferol they found in fish egg & liver.
Vitamin D2 or D3 are not active biologically.
RDA(Recommended Daily alowance):-
400 IU -In children (international unit).
200 IU During pregnancy & lactation
600 IU > 60 yrsof Age

11. CHEMESTRY
Chemical Name-
Calciferol

12. DEFICIENCY
A) Rickets in children-1) soft pliable skull bone.
2) Delayed in teeth formation
3) Frontal bossing
4)Winderingof wrist
B) Osteomalacia-in adult.
1) Soft bones
2) Fractures
3) Osteoporosis
4)Decrease Ca+2 level.

13. FUNCTIONS
1.plays essential role hormone in a regulation of calcium &phosphorus
metabolism.
2.It maintain normal plasma level of calcium and phosphorus by acting on.
3.Action of Calcitriol on intestine.
4.Promotes hardening of bones and teeth increases adsorption of calcium.
TOXICITY:-
Nausea, weight loss, movement of calcium from bones into soft
tissues.

14. VITAMINE
it is also known as “Tocopherol” anti-sterility factor.
vitamin e is light yellow oil.
slowly oxidized and destroyed by uv-rays
Sources.
Corn Egg Milk Soybean Meat Rice, etc.
Dietary requirements—According to the national institutes of health (NIH), the
recommended daily intake for adult men and women is 15 milligrams per day.
Functions. It helps to maintain the health of the cells in the retina and necessary for
the proper function of the visual cycle. Plays an important role in the immunity
functions. It acts as an antioxidant and prevent the body against any damage.
Coenzyme—Tocopherol and Tocotrienols.
Deficiency disease:Very low birth weight infants
Neurological Problem
Impairment of Immune Response
Neuromuscular Problem etc.

15. VITAMINK
It is also known as “Phylloquinone” Antihemorrhagic factors.
It is Yellow viscid oil. Sensitive to light.
Sources. Spinach, Coriander leaf, Cabbage, Broccoli, Guava, & Other
Fruits.
Functions: Vitamin K2 is important for blood clotting and maintaining
healthy bones, it is produced by bacteria in the gut and is also found in
fermented foods such as cheese and natto.
Deficiency diseases: Cause loss of Blood –Clotting Power
In Infants haemorrhage should form.

16. WATERSOLUBLEVITAMINS
Vitamin (B1): Thiamine is water soluble. it has a specific in the carbohydrate
metabolism (also called anti-Beri-Berior antineurotic).
Functions:
It helps in the metabolism of the carbohydrates into the energy.
It also plays a role in muscle contraction and conduction of nerve signals.
Coenzyme form: Thiaminepyrophosphate
Deficiency disease:
Beri-Beriis most common.
Loss of appetite
Peripheral neuropathy.

17. VITAMINB2
Functions:
Riboflavinthroughitscoenzymetakespartinavarietyofcellularoxidation-
reductionreactions.
Ithelpsinthebloodcellproductionandbodygrowth.
Coenzymeform:lavinmononucleotide(FMN).
Flavinadeninedinucleotide(FAD).
Deficiencydisease:Cheilosis,Glossitis,Dermatitis

18. VITAMINB3
Niacinornicotinicacidisalsoknownaspellagrapreventivefactor
Functions:Therapeuticallyitshowsthemanybiochemicaleffectsonbody
thanvitamin.
Thereistendencyfortheincreasedlevelsofglucoseanduricacidinthe
circulation.
Coenzymeform:Nicotinamideadeninedinucleotide(NAD+).
Nicotinamideadeninedinucleotidephosphate(NADP+).
Deficiencydisease:Pellagra,Dermatitis.

19. VITAMINB5
It is also known as chick anti-dermatitis factor is widely distributed in nature.
Functions:
The functions of pantothenic acid are exerted through coenzyme A. it plays a
unique role in integrating various metabolic pathways. More than 70 enzymes
that depends on coenzyme A are known.
Coenzyme form: Coenzyme A
Deficiency disease: Burning feet syndrome (pain and numbness in the toes,
sleeplessness, fatigue etc.).

20. VITAMINB6
Vitamin B6 is used to collectively represent the three compounds namely
pyridox.
Functions: It helps in the amino acid metabolism and helps in the secretion
of serotonin, histamine etc.
It helps in the antibody’s synthesis.
Coenzyme form: Pyridoxal phosphate (PLP).
Deficiency disease: Neurological disorder like-depression, mental confusion.
Decrease secretion of amines like histamine.
Decreased in haemoglobin level

21. VITAMINB12
Cobalaminis also known as anti-pernicious anaemia vitamin. It is the
unique vitamin, synthesized by only microorganisms and not by animals and
plants.
Sources: Liver, kidney, Milk, Fish, Curd, Chicken etc
Functions: It is the necessary substance for the red cells production and the
DNA.
It is also for functioning and development of brain and nerve cells.
Coenzyme form: Methylcobalamin(MeCbl).
Adenosylcobalamin(AdoCbl).
Deficiency disease:Perniciousanaemia, Neuronal degeneration.

22. VITAMINC
VitaminCisawater-solubleversatilevitamin.Theacidicpropertyof
vitaminCisduetotheenolichydroxylgroups.
Sources:Citrusfruits,Gooseberry,Guava,Greenvegetables.
Functions:Maintainingthehealthyconditionsofskin,bloodvessels,bone
andcartilage.
Helpsinthewoundorinfectionshealing.
Helpsingrowthofhairs.
Coenzymeform:Ascorbicacid.
Deficiencydisease:Scurvy,Soregums,looseteeth,anaemia,Decreased
immunocompetence,delayedwoundhealing.

23. THANKYOU!