Warm humid climate

The six climates are normally designated as Hot and Dry, Warm and Humid, Moderate, Cold and Sunny, Cold and Cloudy and Composite. The criteria of allocating any location in India to one of the first five climate zones are that the defined conditions prevail for more than six months.

1. Warm Humid Climate NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY CALICUT

2. Group Members…. K L RAVI CHANDU (B130397AR) T VIJAY KUMAR (B130094AR) V MANOJ PRASHANTH (B130969AR) D PRASHANTH (B130371AR) A SHYAMALA (B130894AR) NIKHIL SILIVERI (B130798AR) BHANU PRAKASH PAVAN KUMAR A MADHU KIRAN (B130986AR)

3. A tropical climate is a kind of climate typically in the tropics Defined as non-arid climate in which all 12 months have mean temperature above 64.4 °F (18.0 °C) Cover the largest area of earth (20% of land surface and 43% of ocean surface) - the home to almost half of the world ’s population South Florida, The Caribbean, Central Africa, Coastal India, Southeast Asia, North Queensland, Hawaii, Central America, or most of Brazil. CLASSIFICATION

4. Can be divided into 3 major climatic zones and 3 sub-groups :- Warm-humid equatorial climate warm-humid island or trade-wind climate Hot-dry desert or semi-desert climate hot-dry maritime desert climate Composite or monsoon climate (combination of I & II) tropical upland climate CLASSIFICATION

5. Type of Tropical Climate Warm Humid Island Climate Hot Dry Maritime Desert Climate Tropical Upland Climate Warm Humid Climate Hot Dry Desert Climate Composite or Monsoon Climate CLASSIFICATION Sub-Group

6. Found in a belt near the Equator extending to about 15º North and South Examples: Malaysia, Jakarta, Singapore, Hawaii, US WARM HUMID CLIMATE

7. Air Temperature Humidity Vapour Pressure Precipitation Sky Condition Solar Radiation Wind Vegetation WARM HUMID CLIMATE |ELEMENTS|

8. AIR TEMPERATURE : Air temperature is an objective comparative measure of hot or cold air. At any point near the ground the air temperature is dependent upon the amount of heat gained or lost at the earth’s surface and any other surfaces with which the air has recently been in contact. It is measured in fahrenheit  or celsius or kelvin . Using dry bulb thermometer . HUMIDITY : The relative humidity depends as much on the air temperature as on the actual amount of water vapour present in the air . The following situation is likely to arise, if the air is still at ground at 2 m ___________________________________________________________________________ Temperature high lower Relative humidity low higher Absolute humidity high lower A device used to measure humidity is called psychrometer or hygrometer .

9. VAPOUR PRESSURE : Vapour pressure defined as the pressure exerted by a vapour in thermodynamic equilibrium with its condensed phases (solid or liquid) at a given temperature in a closed system. The equilibrium vapour pressure is an indication of a liquid's evaporation rate. PRECIPITATION : Precipitation is any product of the condensation of atmospheric water vapour that falls under gravity. The main forms of precipitation include drizzle, rain, sleet, snow, graupel and hail. It is measured using RAIN GUAGE.

10. WARM HUMID CLIMATE OF SINGAPORE LOCATION: Lies just north of the Equator near Latitude 1.5 deg N and Longitude 104 deg E. TEMPERATURE: Diurnal range: Minimum 23 to 26°C and Maximum 31 to 34°C Extremes: Minimum of 19.4°C and Maximum of 36.0°C RELATIVE HUMIDITY: Mean value is 84%, During prolonged heavy rain, relative humidity often reaches 100 % VAPOUR PRESSURE: Diurnal pressure variation of 4hPa. Maximum pressure usually occurring at 1100 and 2400 Local Time and minimum pressure occurring at 0500 and 1700 Local Time. Extreme pressures recorded are 1018.0hPa and 1002.5hPa.

11. SOLAR RADIATION: Since Singapore is near the equator, the length of its day is relatively constant throughout the year, and thus so is the amount of sunshine it receives. Daily sunshine hours are mainly influenced by the presence or absence of cloud cover. February and March have the largest number of sunshine hours, while November and December have the lowest  Average monthly sunshine hours.

12. RAINFALL: Rainfall is plentiful in Singapore and it rains an average of 178 days of the year. Much of the rain is heavy and accompanied by thunder. The long-term mean annual rainfall total is 2338.5mm .   Monthly rainfall for Singapore (mm) (1982-2014)

13. WIND: Winds throughout the year show a diurnal variation, with lighter winds during the night and stronger winds during the day. The strongest winds occur during the Northeast Monsoon in January and February.  Winds in Singapore are generally light, with the mean surface wind speed normally less than 2.5 m/s except during the presence of a Northeast Monsoon surge when mean speeds of 10m/s or more have been observed.  Average monthly surface wind speed (m/s).

14. VEGETATION: Singapore has very little crop-suitable land but otherwise has abundant plant life. Much of the soil in Singapore is clay, although the origins and processes that formed the clay vary by area. SPECIAL CHARACTERISTICS: Thunderstorms are also a very regular phenomenon, occurring on roughly 40% of all days year-round but particularly common during the Southeast Monsoon. 

15. WARM HUMID CLIMATE OF JAKARTA LOCATION : Jakarta is located in Indonesia at 6.1745 ° S , 106.822 ° E . TEMPERATURE : 25°C, Wind S at 8 km/h, 78% Humidity. RELATIVE HUMIDITY : The average annual relative humidity is 80.6% and average monthly relative humidity ranges from 75% in September to 85% in January. VAPOUR PRESSURE : In jakarta the vapour pressure is 16-17 mbar . In the lowlands the vapour pressure is about 25 mbar at night

16. SOLAR RADIATION SUNSHINE HOURS OF JAKARTA The longest day of the year is 12:21 long and the shortest day is 11:38 long. The longest day is 0:43 longer than the shortest day. At midday the sun is on average 74.2° above the horizon at Jakarta, Java

17. RAINFALL : The wettest month for Jakarta is January with an average of 98.2mm of precipitation falling while the driest month is September with 26.0mm falling.

18. WIND : The annual average wind speed in jakarta is 4-5 knots.

19. WARM HUMID CLIMATE COLOMBO LOCATION: Colombo lies between Tropic of cancer and Equator Latitude 6°54'N and Longitude 79°51' E. TEMPERATURE: Colombo has a mean temperature of 27.4 °C. The minimum and maximum temperatures are 17°C and 36°C. RELATIVE HUMIDITY: Average humidity of Colombo is 80%. Maximum humidity is received during the month of June. PRECIPITATION: Average precipitation of Colombo is around 2404mm. Its precipitation is high during the month of October of 300mm.

20. RAINFALL Colombo receives its maximum rainfall during October to January. The climate includes north east monsoon and south east monsoon. May is the wettest month.

21. HUMIDITY Humidity of Colombo is high during the months of November and December. Sometimes it has a humidity of 90% in the month of May.

22. SOLAR RADIATION Colombo receives much radiation during the months of March and April. During the months of November and December it is always cloudy. So it doesn’t receive any rainfall

23. WIND Colombo receives high wind from Southwest monsoon. During the month of October, Colombo receives cyclonic winds .

24. REGION: Warm humid climate : Near equator extending to about 15’ north and south. Hot dry desert climate: occur in 2 belts at latitude 15’ and 30’ north and south. Example: Saudi Arabia, India, south Africa. Composite/monsoon climate: occur in large land masses near the tropics of cancer and Capricorn. Example: Lahore, New Delhi.

25. Air temperature: WHD- During day between 27’ and 32’, at night 21’ and 27’c. HDDC- during day between 43’ and 49’c. At night: cool season between 10’ and 18’c. Dry season between 27’ and 32’c. MONSOON- During day 32’ and 43’c., at night 21’ and 27’c. HUMIDITY : WHD- RH remain high- 75% for most of the time, but vary from 55% to almost 100%. HDDC- RH is low from 10% to almost 55%. MONSOON - RH during dry periods: 20-55%, wet season: 55-95%. PRECIPITATION: WHD- High rainfall throughout the year, annual rainfall- 2000 to 5000 mm in one year. HDDC- Slight and variable throughout the year, limited rainfall- 50mm rain in few hours. MONSOON- Monsoon rains are intense, during dry season little or no rain.